Palmpedia - Palm Grower's Guide - User contributions [en]

Beccariophoenix alfredii

2020-12-13T19:43:50Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

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{{Palmbox
|image=68ba24aa-9290-4ffb-9c54-73f94c752e77z.jpg
|image_caption=Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
|genus=Beccariophoenix (bek-kahr-ee-oh-FEH-niks)
|species= alfredii (ahl-fred'-ee)
|continent=africa
|habit=solitary
|leaf_type=pinnate
|height=10 - 15 meters
|trunk_diameter=28-30 centimeters
|sun_exposure=Full sun
|watering=moderate/humid
|soil_type=tolerant
|msi=3B
|ssi=3B
|common_names=High Plateau Coconut Palm.
}}
{{Palm Page}}
==Habitat and distribution==
''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' occurs in the High Plateau of Madagascar at approximately 20 degrees south. [[File:56545141-A330-4CEA-8CF5-F77C7A9B58A6.jpeg|thumb|left|400px|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place.]]The palm is found at an elevation of 1,050 meters (3,440 feet) growing along the sandy riverbeds. The surrounding vegetation is mainly composed of various grasses, and the area sees occasional fires. Due to the environment that ''B. alfredii'' is subjected to, it is hardy against frost and cold, fire, drought, full sun, and possibly hurricanes.

Endemic to Madagascar. At the moment, the only scientifically proven and recorded locality for B. alfredii is Manalazina. This population is limited to the west by the Mania River. Individuals become abruptly very rare as soon as one approaches the Mania, the river into which the tributary lined with Beccariophoenix flows. Fewer than twenty individuals of B. alfredii grow on the banks of the Mania, possibly because of its depth, which is unfavorable to the dispersal and establishment of seedlings. As we climbed up another mountain chain in the hope of finding other populations in further localities, we saw not one palm on the horizon. Because of the extremely difficult access and the time we had already taken to reach Manalazina, we were unable to conduct further searches for the palm. Meanwhile, we are optimistic concerning the existence of more populations further away in the region. Justin Moat, GIS specialist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, using satellite imagery, has looked for habitats similar to that at Manalazina. After analysing the very distinctive spectrum and relief seen in the satellite images at the exact coordinates of Manalazina, Justin was able to search for similar spectra and relief elsewhere in this part of the plateau. He found similar habitats but much further away from Manalazina. Other populations of B. alfred;i surely exist in the area - during our visit, we did not have the time to revisit Vilanitelo where the palms was first seen by Alfred's collectors, nor Marovato, the site of the large population mentioned by Alfred. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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The existence of this population of Beccariophoenix on the western slopes of the High Plateau of Madagascar is quite astonishing. This new species grows in a completely different phytogeographic zone from the humid rain forest zone associated with B. madagascariensis. Manalazina belongs to the zone of the western slope of the Domaine Centrale defined by Humbert (1955). The primary vegetation is formed of sclerophyll forest with Uapaca hoieri and members of Sarcolaenaceae (Humbert & CoursDame 1965), but the current vegetation of the area consists mostly of a scrubby savannah. Furthermore, the climate is very different from that experienced by B. madagascariensis at Mantadia. In fact, B. alfredii experiences a subhumid temperate climate (Cornet 1974), drier than that of the east of Madagascar. The average temperature is 15-20˚C and the rainfall generally less than 1500 mm. The dry season is about five months long. The population of B. alfredii occurs at an average elevation of 1050 m above sea level; above that elevation, the palm becomes very rare, as the depressions between two mountains are too infrequent and where there are such depressions they are usually too dry. The soils in general in the region are ferralitic, but B. alfredii seems to grow solely on sandy soils on the banks of tributaries of the Mania River. Beccariophoenix alfred;; is the dominant species in the gallery forest and, reaching mostly 10-15 m, constitutes the only canopy species. The species grows so abundantly in the area that we estimated at least 500 mature individuals at this locality. In contrast, regenerating individuals are few. The dominance of this species may be due to the fallen leaves and inflorescences that carpet the ground, completely eliminating any other woody plants. Moreover, seed dispersal seems to be mostly by water. The flattened shape of the fruits allows them to be dispersed easily by water until they are deposited in a site favorable for germination. Sometimes seedlings are found actually growing in water but they mostly ocrur along the river bank. Perhaps this explains why the adult palms are restricted to a band along all the valleys. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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==Desription==
''Beccariophoenix alfredii'', also known as the ''High Plateau Coconut Palm'', is a recently discovered species of Arecaceae (palms), endemic to Madagascar. It is in the genus ''Beccariophoenix'', and is closely related to the genus ''Cocos''. ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' is very similar in appearance to the coconut palm, although somewhat cold hardy, making it a good look-alike for the coconut in cooler climates. They are hardy down to about 25°F (-3°C) when young, and likely colder when more mature. Editing by edic.
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Taxonomy: ''Beccariophoenix'' is placed in the subfamily Arecoideae and the tribe Cocoeae. The species was first noted in 2002, when Alfred Razafindratsira noticed a picture of a ''Beccariophoenix'' species in photographs taken of the vegetation surrounding Andrembesoa (originally taken in search of a species of ''Pachypodium'' in the rocky escarpments to the southwest of Antsirabe). Alfred found this odd, considering this area of Madagascar is far from the other localities of ''Beccariophoenix'' and is, furthermore, ecologically totally different from the east coast and littoral forests where the other ''Beccariophoenix'' species are known to occur. In May 2004, an expedition was set off into the High Plateau of Madagascar, to confirm the existence of this species. On the fourth day of the expedition, the new population of ''Beccariophoenix'' was found. This species is noted for having oblate (flattened spheroid) rather than ovoid fruit, infrafoliar inflorescence (rather than interfoliar), a peduncle not exceeding 13 cm long (rather than one up to 120 cm long), a 3–5 mm thick leathery peduncular bract which rolls up on when itself when abscised (rather than a heavily lignified peduncular bract 30–40 mm thick, which does not deform when abscised) and 15 stamens (rather than 18-21). For these differences, ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' was classified as a new species. ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' grows up to 50 feet (15 meters) in height with a trunk up to 1 foot (30 cm) in diameter.

Robust, solitary, pleonanthic, monoecious, palm. Stem erect, to about 15 m tall, 28-30 cm in diam. at breast height, graybrown, eventually becoming bare and closely ringed with leaf scars, internodes about 2.5 em. Leaves 30-36 in the crown, pinnate, marcescent in juvenile palms, abscising neatly in adults; sheath tubular at first, to at least 82 cm long, with two lateral, ± entire, triangular lobes to 30 cm long, 10 cm wide at the base, tapering to about 8 cm, the abaxial surface of the sheath covered with thick caducous gray-brown indumentum, the body of the sheath disintegrating into a mass of robust sinuous gray fibers about 3 mm wide, adaxially the sheath glabrous, reddish-brown; petiole very short, about 4-5 cm long, to 8 x 2.3 cm wide and deep, with scattered caducous scales; rachis to at least 4.4 m long, to 7 x 2.3 cm wide and deep at the base, tapering gradually distally, adaxially ridged near the base, abaxially rounded, distally with 2 lateral grooves; leaflets about 120 on each side of the rachis, ± regularly arranged, very slender and crowded at the base, ± rigid or somewhat pendulous, about 47 x 1 cm at the base of the leaf, about 112 x 4 cm in mid leaf, about 65 x 1.8 cm at the tip, ± acute, easily splitting and becoming bifid, adaxially glabrous, abaxially lacking powdery white wax, transverse veinlets short, conspicuos, minute punctiform scales present on longitudinal veins. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, branching to 1 order; peduncle moderate, 8--13 cm long, elliptic in cross-section, 4 x 1.7 cm, with caducous gray-brown indumentum, ± glabrescent in infructescence; prophyll not seen, presumably inserted at the base of the peduncle and included within the leaf sheaths; peduncular bract inserted at the apex of the peduncle, woody, with solid beak, the whole to 90 cm long, 3-5 cm thick, abaxially with conspicuous longitudinal grooves, at anthesis the peduncular bract splitting longitudinally and circumscissile at the insertion, leaving a collar like scar, the bract curling up on drying after abscission, adaxially the bract smooth, shiny, yellowish green abaxially tomentose and longitudinally shallowly grooved; rachis very short, to 8--9 cm long, to about 4 x 2 cm in diam., tapering to about 0.7 cm at the tip, bearing about 30-50 crowded, spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a short, triangular, acuminate, coriaceous bract 1.1-7.5 x 1.0-2.8 cm; rachillae glabrous and lacking white wax, yellowish, becoming crimson in ripe fruit, straight, rigid, held at a narrow acute angle to the rachis, 45-66 mm long, about 5-8 mm in diam. at the base, tapering distally, each with a poorly defined swelling at the very base, proximally with a bare portion 15-18 mm long, distally bearing distichous triads in the proximal 13-19 mm, paired staminate flowers in the middle 11-17 mm and solitary staminate flowers in the distal 13-18 mm, rachilla bracts triangular 1-4 x 1-6 mm; floral bracteoles well developed, broad, rounded, striate, rather coriaceous, shorter than the rachilla bracts. Staminate flowers narrow ellipsoid, about 13 x 4 mm; sepals to 2 x 2 mm, joined in the basal 1 mm, distally triangular, free and imbricate, glabrous, not striate; petals coriaceous, about 12 x 3 mm, tapering to a short acute tip, basally very briefly joined, abaxial surface glabrous, lacking white wax, obscurely striate; stamens 15, filaments 2 mm, anthers elongate 8 x I mm, erect, ± basifixed; pistiIJode absent. Pollen not studied. Pistillate flowers in bud, irregularly globose to obscurely angled, 9 x 6 mm, perianths persistent and enlarging in fruit; sepals broadly imbricate, 8-9 x 5-6 mm; petals 8 x 7 mm, broadly imbricate with short valvate tips; staminodal ring membranous, about 1 mm high; gynoecium ellipsoid, 6 x 4 mm, stigmas pyramidal in bud, 2 mm high. Fnlit I-seeded, oblate, 16 x 24 mm, with a short triangular beak to 3 mm long, 4 mm wide at the base, dark purplish-black at maturity, smooth, becoming striate when dry, surface glabrous except the beak where minutely and obscurely scaly; mesocarp thin, fleshy 1 mm thick, with longitudinal fibers, endocarp 15 x 22 mm, very thin, scarcely lignified, pores rather obscure, just below the equator. Seed oblate 13 x 20 mm, attached near the base with a broad hilum, with numerous anastomosing raphe branches, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo lateral below the equator. Germination: adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.

It could be asked why we consider this palm to be a new species of Beccariophoenix when B. madagascariensis is itself variable. Dransfield (2202) reported what was known of this variation and highlighted the presence of two distinct seedling morphologies of the palm in cultivation. One type of Beccariophoenix has juvenile leaves with a broad terminal pair of multifold segments displaying many windows. In contrast the second type of Beccariophoenix has narrow terminal segments composed of few folds and with one or two windows only. After some research in the field and discussion with seed importers and growers we can say that the population of Beccariophoenix from the lowiands near to Brickaviile (the Ranomafana Est population, currently known with certainly from a single adult tree and, about twenty km away, a few more) produces seedlings with many windows. The population from the general area of Mantadia near the type locality of B. madagascariensis and the population at Sainte Luce produce seedlings with few windows. Beccariophoenix alfredU has seedlings with narrow terminal segments and few windows. The habitat of the popuiation at Sainte Luce at near sea level might be thought of as being 72 very different from that of the montane ridgetops at almost 1000 m in Mantadia, but there are in fact considerable resemblances in vegetation - both areas support generally rather small-leaved dicotyledonous trees, growing on humus rich soils overlying extremely nutrient-poor sand or quartzite. The main difference between the Mantadia and Sainte Luce populations is in the length of the peduncle - always elongate at Mantadia, sometimes elongate, sometimes very short at Sainte Luce (incidentally, the one tree at Ranomafana Est is remarkable for it extremely short peduncles. The most striking differences are in the size and form of the inflorescence and fruit. Comparison between Beccariophoenix madagascariensis and B. alfredii. Beccariophoenix madagascariellsis: inflorescence interfoliar. Peduncle to 120 em long. Peduncular bract heavily lignified, 30-40 mm thick, not deforming when abscising. Stamens 18-21. Fruits ovoid. Beccariophoenix alfredii: Inflorescence infrafoliar. Peduncle not exceeding about 13 cm long. Peduncular bract leathery, 3-5 mm thick, rolling up on itself when abscising. Stamens 15. Fruits oblate. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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==Culture==
<center>[[file:PFC_for_PP.png|500px|link=http://www.palmpedia.net/palmsforcal/index.php5/Beccariophoenix_alfredii]]</center>
Due to its overall hardiness, B. alfredii is a good candidate for cultivation in central and southern Florida, California and also locations such as Sydney Australia, Southern Spain, Portugal and Northern New Zealand. It is best grown in sandy loam soils, but is suitable to many other soil types. Besides B. alfredii, there are 2 other species of Beccariophoenix: B. madagascariensis, and Beccariophoenix sp. Windows. Beccariophoenix sp. Windows was known for its moderate growth speed, high nutrient requirements and cold sensitivity. Beccariophoenix madagascariensis was known for its cold hardiness and lack of nutritional problems, but had about one-fourth the growth rate of Beccariophoenix sp. Windows. Both species look remarkably similar to the coconut palm when mature, but with a much broader trunk. Beccariophoenix alfredii seems to combine the good characteristics of both, with the growth rate of Beccariophoenix sp. Windows and the cold hardiness and lack of nutritional problems of B. madagascariensis, but B. alfredii has a slimmer trunk, more like that of the coconut palm. All species appear resistant to lethal yellowing, so may be suitable for areas that have a high instance of the disease. Although relatively new to cultivation, B. alfredii is already becoming popular to palm collectors, and is being called the California Coconut of the future. It can be expected that after it is less new to cultivation, it may become extremely popular worldwide due to its coconut look-alike status, good growth rate, and cold hardiness. Although the trunk normally grows straight, it may develop a curve similar to that of the coconut palm if planted on its side when a few years old.
==Comments and Curiosities==
Beccariophoenix alfredii exhibits some window panes in the fronds as a juvenile, although not as many as the window pane version of Beccariophoenix. As a seedling, Beccariophoenix alfredii takes quite a long time to go from monofid leaves to bifid leaves, to bifid leaves with minimal windows to fully pinnate leaves, which is quite different than the "no windows" Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, which undergoes these changes relatively quickly. Therefore, although seedlings of Beccariophoenix alfredii exhibit some similarities to Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, it is quite distinct. Due to the recent discovery of Beccariophoenix alfredii, growth speeds aren't entirely known, but a few things can be gathered from the time it has been known. In tropical and subtropical climates, such as Hawaii or Florida, Beccariophoenix alfredii may be the fastest of the 3 species, but for Mediterranean climates, Beccariophoenix seems to only be marginally faster in growth than the "no windows" Beccariophoenix madagascariensis. These are just educated guesses however, and more time needs to be permitted to allow proper scrutinization on growth rate. Another curiosity is development of "twins" within a single seed. Both seeds can germinate, resulting in a double germinated seed. So far, this appears to be relatively common, but it isn't known whether or not the trait can be inherited.

Windows in Juvenile palms: The photos below, are showing 'windows' in alfredii seedlings. These will be watched as new leaves are produced.

 
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<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
File:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_17.JPG|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
image:Balfredii.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_21.JPG|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:B._alfredii.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:_52b98e1de4512.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:10380156_322294647925556_4754686626438370406_o.jpg|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_45.JPG|In habitat, Madfagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_11.JPG|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:68ba24aa-9290-4ffb-9c54-73f94c752e77z.jpg|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_29.JPG|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
Image:Alfredii seedling2.JPG|Seedling showing windows - Source: John Case
Image:Alfredii seedling.JPG|Seedling showing windows - Source: John Case
image:Bapost-42-0-43860300-1386494341.jpg|Pomona, northern end of the Sunshine Coast region, southeast Queensland, Australia. Garden of Rudy Meyer. Photo by Daryl O'Connor
File:post-42-0-10652700-1431181761.jpg|Wollongong Botanical Gardens Palm Collection, 90 minute drive south of Sydney. Photo by Daryl O'Connor.

image:Becarriophoenx-young.jpg|Young plant at Floribunda Palms
File:325a98.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:94954b.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:616ec3.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:cc91e0.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:57baf3.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:efe7d2.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:529aba.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:ea5558.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.

File:9b1851.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:075979.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:63edb9.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:fba240.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:post-646-0-18359600-1418599436.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-94588800-1418599438.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-06150800-1418599442.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-31569800-1418599445.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-112-0-86008600-1418820431.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-36786100-1418820437.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-10538000-1418820443.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-98961900-1418820448.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-03547900-1418820455.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-90811600-1418820460.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-51746200-1418825411.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-36998600-1418826326.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-82817800-1418826331.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-878-0-07778300-1418855485.jpg|Hollywood Fla. Left side of dock, Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, right side of dock 2 Beccariophoenix fenestralis, and Beccariophoenix alfredii. Photo by Mike.
File:photobland.JPG|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place. Photo by Mike.
File:photobland2.jpg|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place. Photo by Mike.
File:BeccAlfrediiPicture2.jpg|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place.
File:6373514045_e6ded95097_o.jpg|Cooper City, FL. Photo by Kyle Wicomb.
File:B. alfredii pete.JPG|Photo-seabreezenurseries.com
File:post-231-0-00235000-1382545383.jpg|Growing at the entrance to Leu Gardens, Orlando, FL. Photo by botanist Eric S.
File:baIMG_20130907_123257_124_zpsfa0abeea.JPG|Palm Harbor, FL. Photo by Larry.
File:Beccariophoenixalfredii7gal.jpg|Lake Placid, Fla. Photo by Walter Darnall.
File:post-3598-0-76097500-1383065727.jpg|Davie, Fl. Photo by Mike.
File:post-3598-0-79612200-1383065735.jpg|Davie, Fl. Photo by Keith.
File:BecAlf.jpg|Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
File:BecAlf2.jpg|Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
Image: Alfredii_seed_germination.JPG|Double germinated seed, a result of "twins" forming within a single seed.
File:573f327b30c93_Beccariophoenixalfredii2016-03-10.jpg.9e3ff33d5d6b6c761abcdf2edde4d03b.jpg|Notations by Research Work Editor Pal Meir. Photo by Pal Meir.
</gallery></center>
==External links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.cites.org/common/com/pc/20/inf%20docs/F20-11i-A6.pdf
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCE73UEbEXs
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/39167-beccariophoenix-alfredii-a-definite-coconut-lookalike/
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/36455-beccariophoenix-alfredii-vs-madagascariensis/
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/29408-beccariophoenix-alfredii-info/
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Rakotoarinivo, M. , Ranarivelo, T. & Dransfield, J. 2007. A new species of Beccariophenix from the High Plateau of Madagascar. Palms 51(2) 63-75.

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Madagascar]]
[[Category:BECCARIOPHOENIX]]

File:56545141-A330-4CEA-8CF5-F77C7A9B58A6.jpeg

2020-12-13T19:43:11Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

File:IMG 1368.jpg

2020-12-13T19:38:00Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: Zeeth1 uploaded a new version of "File:IMG 1368.jpg"

Beccariophoenix alfredii in Davie, Florida

File:IMG 1368.jpg

2020-12-13T19:37:20Z

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Beccariophoenix alfredii in Davie, Florida

File:IMG 1368.jpg

2020-12-13T19:36:31Z

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Beccariophoenix alfredii in Davie, Florida

Beccariophoenix alfredii

2018-12-02T16:43:59Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

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{{Palmbox
|image=68ba24aa-9290-4ffb-9c54-73f94c752e77z.jpg
|image_caption=Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
|genus=Beccariophoenix (bek-kahr-ee-oh-FEH-niks)
|species= alfredii (ahl-fred'-ee)
|continent=africa
|habit=solitary
|leaf_type=pinnate
|height=10 - 15 meters
|trunk_diameter=28-30 centimeters
|sun_exposure=Full sun
|watering=moderate/humid
|soil_type=tolerant
|msi=3B
|ssi=3B
|common_names=High Plateau Coconut Palm.
}}
{{Palm Page}}
==Habitat and distribution==
''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' occurs in the High Plateau of Madagascar at approximately 20 degrees south. [[File:IMG_1368.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place.]]The palm is found at an elevation of 1,050 meters (3,440 feet) growing along the sandy riverbeds. The surrounding vegetation is mainly composed of various grasses, and the area sees occasional fires. Due to the environment that ''B. alfredii'' is subjected to, it is hardy against frost and cold, fire, drought, full sun, and possibly hurricanes.

Endemic to Madagascar. At the moment, the only scientifically proven and recorded locality for B. alfredii is Manalazina. This population is limited to the west by the Mania River. Individuals become abruptly very rare as soon as one approaches the Mania, the river into which the tributary lined with Beccariophoenix flows. Fewer than twenty individuals of B. alfredii grow on the banks of the Mania, possibly because of its depth, which is unfavorable to the dispersal and establishment of seedlings. As we climbed up another mountain chain in the hope of finding other populations in further localities, we saw not one palm on the horizon. Because of the extremely difficult access and the time we had already taken to reach Manalazina, we were unable to conduct further searches for the palm. Meanwhile, we are optimistic concerning the existence of more populations further away in the region. Justin Moat, GIS specialist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, using satellite imagery, has looked for habitats similar to that at Manalazina. After analysing the very distinctive spectrum and relief seen in the satellite images at the exact coordinates of Manalazina, Justin was able to search for similar spectra and relief elsewhere in this part of the plateau. He found similar habitats but much further away from Manalazina. Other populations of B. alfred;i surely exist in the area - during our visit, we did not have the time to revisit Vilanitelo where the palms was first seen by Alfred's collectors, nor Marovato, the site of the large population mentioned by Alfred. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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The existence of this population of Beccariophoenix on the western slopes of the High Plateau of Madagascar is quite astonishing. This new species grows in a completely different phytogeographic zone from the humid rain forest zone associated with B. madagascariensis. Manalazina belongs to the zone of the western slope of the Domaine Centrale defined by Humbert (1955). The primary vegetation is formed of sclerophyll forest with Uapaca hoieri and members of Sarcolaenaceae (Humbert & CoursDame 1965), but the current vegetation of the area consists mostly of a scrubby savannah. Furthermore, the climate is very different from that experienced by B. madagascariensis at Mantadia. In fact, B. alfredii experiences a subhumid temperate climate (Cornet 1974), drier than that of the east of Madagascar. The average temperature is 15-20˚C and the rainfall generally less than 1500 mm. The dry season is about five months long. The population of B. alfredii occurs at an average elevation of 1050 m above sea level; above that elevation, the palm becomes very rare, as the depressions between two mountains are too infrequent and where there are such depressions they are usually too dry. The soils in general in the region are ferralitic, but B. alfredii seems to grow solely on sandy soils on the banks of tributaries of the Mania River. Beccariophoenix alfred;; is the dominant species in the gallery forest and, reaching mostly 10-15 m, constitutes the only canopy species. The species grows so abundantly in the area that we estimated at least 500 mature individuals at this locality. In contrast, regenerating individuals are few. The dominance of this species may be due to the fallen leaves and inflorescences that carpet the ground, completely eliminating any other woody plants. Moreover, seed dispersal seems to be mostly by water. The flattened shape of the fruits allows them to be dispersed easily by water until they are deposited in a site favorable for germination. Sometimes seedlings are found actually growing in water but they mostly ocrur along the river bank. Perhaps this explains why the adult palms are restricted to a band along all the valleys. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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==Desription==
''Beccariophoenix alfredii'', also known as the ''High Plateau Coconut Palm'', is a recently discovered species of Arecaceae (palms), endemic to Madagascar. It is in the genus ''Beccariophoenix'', and is closely related to the genus ''Cocos''. ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' is very similar in appearance to the coconut palm, although somewhat cold hardy, making it a good look-alike for the coconut in cooler climates. They are hardy down to about 25°F (-3°C) when young, and likely colder when more mature. Editing by edic.
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Taxonomy: ''Beccariophoenix'' is placed in the subfamily Arecoideae and the tribe Cocoeae. The species was first noted in 2002, when Alfred Razafindratsira noticed a picture of a ''Beccariophoenix'' species in photographs taken of the vegetation surrounding Andrembesoa (originally taken in search of a species of ''Pachypodium'' in the rocky escarpments to the southwest of Antsirabe). Alfred found this odd, considering this area of Madagascar is far from the other localities of ''Beccariophoenix'' and is, furthermore, ecologically totally different from the east coast and littoral forests where the other ''Beccariophoenix'' species are known to occur. In May 2004, an expedition was set off into the High Plateau of Madagascar, to confirm the existence of this species. On the fourth day of the expedition, the new population of ''Beccariophoenix'' was found. This species is noted for having oblate (flattened spheroid) rather than ovoid fruit, infrafoliar inflorescence (rather than interfoliar), a peduncle not exceeding 13 cm long (rather than one up to 120 cm long), a 3–5 mm thick leathery peduncular bract which rolls up on when itself when abscised (rather than a heavily lignified peduncular bract 30–40 mm thick, which does not deform when abscised) and 15 stamens (rather than 18-21). For these differences, ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' was classified as a new species. ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' grows up to 50 feet (15 meters) in height with a trunk up to 1 foot (30 cm) in diameter.

Robust, solitary, pleonanthic, monoecious, palm. Stem erect, to about 15 m tall, 28-30 cm in diam. at breast height, graybrown, eventually becoming bare and closely ringed with leaf scars, internodes about 2.5 em. Leaves 30-36 in the crown, pinnate, marcescent in juvenile palms, abscising neatly in adults; sheath tubular at first, to at least 82 cm long, with two lateral, ± entire, triangular lobes to 30 cm long, 10 cm wide at the base, tapering to about 8 cm, the abaxial surface of the sheath covered with thick caducous gray-brown indumentum, the body of the sheath disintegrating into a mass of robust sinuous gray fibers about 3 mm wide, adaxially the sheath glabrous, reddish-brown; petiole very short, about 4-5 cm long, to 8 x 2.3 cm wide and deep, with scattered caducous scales; rachis to at least 4.4 m long, to 7 x 2.3 cm wide and deep at the base, tapering gradually distally, adaxially ridged near the base, abaxially rounded, distally with 2 lateral grooves; leaflets about 120 on each side of the rachis, ± regularly arranged, very slender and crowded at the base, ± rigid or somewhat pendulous, about 47 x 1 cm at the base of the leaf, about 112 x 4 cm in mid leaf, about 65 x 1.8 cm at the tip, ± acute, easily splitting and becoming bifid, adaxially glabrous, abaxially lacking powdery white wax, transverse veinlets short, conspicuos, minute punctiform scales present on longitudinal veins. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, branching to 1 order; peduncle moderate, 8--13 cm long, elliptic in cross-section, 4 x 1.7 cm, with caducous gray-brown indumentum, ± glabrescent in infructescence; prophyll not seen, presumably inserted at the base of the peduncle and included within the leaf sheaths; peduncular bract inserted at the apex of the peduncle, woody, with solid beak, the whole to 90 cm long, 3-5 cm thick, abaxially with conspicuous longitudinal grooves, at anthesis the peduncular bract splitting longitudinally and circumscissile at the insertion, leaving a collar like scar, the bract curling up on drying after abscission, adaxially the bract smooth, shiny, yellowish green abaxially tomentose and longitudinally shallowly grooved; rachis very short, to 8--9 cm long, to about 4 x 2 cm in diam., tapering to about 0.7 cm at the tip, bearing about 30-50 crowded, spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a short, triangular, acuminate, coriaceous bract 1.1-7.5 x 1.0-2.8 cm; rachillae glabrous and lacking white wax, yellowish, becoming crimson in ripe fruit, straight, rigid, held at a narrow acute angle to the rachis, 45-66 mm long, about 5-8 mm in diam. at the base, tapering distally, each with a poorly defined swelling at the very base, proximally with a bare portion 15-18 mm long, distally bearing distichous triads in the proximal 13-19 mm, paired staminate flowers in the middle 11-17 mm and solitary staminate flowers in the distal 13-18 mm, rachilla bracts triangular 1-4 x 1-6 mm; floral bracteoles well developed, broad, rounded, striate, rather coriaceous, shorter than the rachilla bracts. Staminate flowers narrow ellipsoid, about 13 x 4 mm; sepals to 2 x 2 mm, joined in the basal 1 mm, distally triangular, free and imbricate, glabrous, not striate; petals coriaceous, about 12 x 3 mm, tapering to a short acute tip, basally very briefly joined, abaxial surface glabrous, lacking white wax, obscurely striate; stamens 15, filaments 2 mm, anthers elongate 8 x I mm, erect, ± basifixed; pistiIJode absent. Pollen not studied. Pistillate flowers in bud, irregularly globose to obscurely angled, 9 x 6 mm, perianths persistent and enlarging in fruit; sepals broadly imbricate, 8-9 x 5-6 mm; petals 8 x 7 mm, broadly imbricate with short valvate tips; staminodal ring membranous, about 1 mm high; gynoecium ellipsoid, 6 x 4 mm, stigmas pyramidal in bud, 2 mm high. Fnlit I-seeded, oblate, 16 x 24 mm, with a short triangular beak to 3 mm long, 4 mm wide at the base, dark purplish-black at maturity, smooth, becoming striate when dry, surface glabrous except the beak where minutely and obscurely scaly; mesocarp thin, fleshy 1 mm thick, with longitudinal fibers, endocarp 15 x 22 mm, very thin, scarcely lignified, pores rather obscure, just below the equator. Seed oblate 13 x 20 mm, attached near the base with a broad hilum, with numerous anastomosing raphe branches, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo lateral below the equator. Germination: adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.

It could be asked why we consider this palm to be a new species of Beccariophoenix when B. madagascariensis is itself variable. Dransfield (2202) reported what was known of this variation and highlighted the presence of two distinct seedling morphologies of the palm in cultivation. One type of Beccariophoenix has juvenile leaves with a broad terminal pair of multifold segments displaying many windows. In contrast the second type of Beccariophoenix has narrow terminal segments composed of few folds and with one or two windows only. After some research in the field and discussion with seed importers and growers we can say that the population of Beccariophoenix from the lowiands near to Brickaviile (the Ranomafana Est population, currently known with certainly from a single adult tree and, about twenty km away, a few more) produces seedlings with many windows. The population from the general area of Mantadia near the type locality of B. madagascariensis and the population at Sainte Luce produce seedlings with few windows. Beccariophoenix alfredU has seedlings with narrow terminal segments and few windows. The habitat of the popuiation at Sainte Luce at near sea level might be thought of as being 72 very different from that of the montane ridgetops at almost 1000 m in Mantadia, but there are in fact considerable resemblances in vegetation - both areas support generally rather small-leaved dicotyledonous trees, growing on humus rich soils overlying extremely nutrient-poor sand or quartzite. The main difference between the Mantadia and Sainte Luce populations is in the length of the peduncle - always elongate at Mantadia, sometimes elongate, sometimes very short at Sainte Luce (incidentally, the one tree at Ranomafana Est is remarkable for it extremely short peduncles. The most striking differences are in the size and form of the inflorescence and fruit. Comparison between Beccariophoenix madagascariensis and B. alfredii. Beccariophoenix madagascariellsis: inflorescence interfoliar. Peduncle to 120 em long. Peduncular bract heavily lignified, 30-40 mm thick, not deforming when abscising. Stamens 18-21. Fruits ovoid. Beccariophoenix alfredii: Inflorescence infrafoliar. Peduncle not exceeding about 13 cm long. Peduncular bract leathery, 3-5 mm thick, rolling up on itself when abscising. Stamens 15. Fruits oblate. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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==Culture==
<center>[[file:PFC_for_PP.png|500px|link=http://www.palmpedia.net/palmsforcal/index.php5/Beccariophoenix_alfredii]]</center>
Due to its overall hardiness, B. alfredii is a good candidate for cultivation in central and southern Florida, California and also locations such as Sydney Australia, Southern Spain, Portugal and Northern New Zealand. It is best grown in sandy loam soils, but is suitable to many other soil types. Besides B. alfredii, there are 2 other species of Beccariophoenix: B. madagascariensis, and Beccariophoenix sp. Windows. Beccariophoenix sp. Windows was known for its moderate growth speed, high nutrient requirements and cold sensitivity. Beccariophoenix madagascariensis was known for its cold hardiness and lack of nutritional problems, but had about one-fourth the growth rate of Beccariophoenix sp. Windows. Both species look remarkably similar to the coconut palm when mature, but with a much broader trunk. Beccariophoenix alfredii seems to combine the good characteristics of both, with the growth rate of Beccariophoenix sp. Windows and the cold hardiness and lack of nutritional problems of B. madagascariensis, but B. alfredii has a slimmer trunk, more like that of the coconut palm. All species appear resistant to lethal yellowing, so may be suitable for areas that have a high instance of the disease. Although relatively new to cultivation, B. alfredii is already becoming popular to palm collectors, and is being called the California Coconut of the future. It can be expected that after it is less new to cultivation, it may become extremely popular worldwide due to its coconut look-alike status, good growth rate, and cold hardiness. Although the trunk normally grows straight, it may develop a curve similar to that of the coconut palm if planted on its side when a few years old.
==Comments and Curiosities==
Beccariophoenix alfredii exhibits some window panes in the fronds as a juvenile, although not as many as the window pane version of Beccariophoenix. As a seedling, Beccariophoenix alfredii takes quite a long time to go from monofid leaves to bifid leaves, to bifid leaves with minimal windows to fully pinnate leaves, which is quite different than the "no windows" Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, which undergoes these changes relatively quickly. Therefore, although seedlings of Beccariophoenix alfredii exhibit some similarities to Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, it is quite distinct. Due to the recent discovery of Beccariophoenix alfredii, growth speeds aren't entirely known, but a few things can be gathered from the time it has been known. In tropical and subtropical climates, such as Hawaii or Florida, Beccariophoenix alfredii may be the fastest of the 3 species, but for Mediterranean climates, Beccariophoenix seems to only be marginally faster in growth than the "no windows" Beccariophoenix madagascariensis. These are just educated guesses however, and more time needs to be permitted to allow proper scrutinization on growth rate. Another curiosity is development of "twins" within a single seed. Both seeds can germinate, resulting in a double germinated seed. So far, this appears to be relatively common, but it isn't known whether or not the trait can be inherited.

Windows in Juvenile palms: The photos below, are showing 'windows' in alfredii seedlings. These will be watched as new leaves are produced.

 
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<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
File:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_17.JPG|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
image:Balfredii.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_21.JPG|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:B._alfredii.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:_52b98e1de4512.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:10380156_322294647925556_4754686626438370406_o.jpg|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_45.JPG|In habitat, Madfagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_11.JPG|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:68ba24aa-9290-4ffb-9c54-73f94c752e77z.jpg|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_29.JPG|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
Image:Alfredii seedling2.JPG|Seedling showing windows - Source: John Case
Image:Alfredii seedling.JPG|Seedling showing windows - Source: John Case
image:Bapost-42-0-43860300-1386494341.jpg|Pomona, northern end of the Sunshine Coast region, southeast Queensland, Australia. Garden of Rudy Meyer. Photo by Daryl O'Connor
File:post-42-0-10652700-1431181761.jpg|Wollongong Botanical Gardens Palm Collection, 90 minute drive south of Sydney. Photo by Daryl O'Connor.

image:Becarriophoenx-young.jpg|Young plant at Floribunda Palms
File:325a98.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:94954b.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:616ec3.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:cc91e0.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:57baf3.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:efe7d2.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:529aba.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:ea5558.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.

File:9b1851.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:075979.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:63edb9.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:fba240.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:post-646-0-18359600-1418599436.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-94588800-1418599438.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-06150800-1418599442.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-31569800-1418599445.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-112-0-86008600-1418820431.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-36786100-1418820437.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-10538000-1418820443.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-98961900-1418820448.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-03547900-1418820455.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-90811600-1418820460.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-51746200-1418825411.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-36998600-1418826326.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-82817800-1418826331.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-878-0-07778300-1418855485.jpg|Hollywood Fla. Left side of dock, Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, right side of dock 2 Beccariophoenix fenestralis, and Beccariophoenix alfredii. Photo by Mike.
File:photobland.JPG|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place. Photo by Mike.
File:photobland2.jpg|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place. Photo by Mike.
File:BeccAlfrediiPicture2.jpg|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place.
File:6373514045_e6ded95097_o.jpg|Cooper City, FL. Photo by Kyle Wicomb.
File:B. alfredii pete.JPG|Photo-seabreezenurseries.com
File:post-231-0-00235000-1382545383.jpg|Growing at the entrance to Leu Gardens, Orlando, FL. Photo by botanist Eric S.
File:baIMG_20130907_123257_124_zpsfa0abeea.JPG|Palm Harbor, FL. Photo by Larry.
File:Beccariophoenixalfredii7gal.jpg|Lake Placid, Fla. Photo by Walter Darnall.
File:post-3598-0-76097500-1383065727.jpg|Davie, Fl. Photo by Mike.
File:post-3598-0-79612200-1383065735.jpg|Davie, Fl. Photo by Keith.
File:BecAlf.jpg|Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
File:BecAlf2.jpg|Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
Image: Alfredii_seed_germination.JPG|Double germinated seed, a result of "twins" forming within a single seed.
File:573f327b30c93_Beccariophoenixalfredii2016-03-10.jpg.9e3ff33d5d6b6c761abcdf2edde4d03b.jpg|Notations by Research Work Editor Pal Meir. Photo by Pal Meir.
</gallery></center>
==External links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.cites.org/common/com/pc/20/inf%20docs/F20-11i-A6.pdf
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCE73UEbEXs
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/39167-beccariophoenix-alfredii-a-definite-coconut-lookalike/
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/36455-beccariophoenix-alfredii-vs-madagascariensis/
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/29408-beccariophoenix-alfredii-info/
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Rakotoarinivo, M. , Ranarivelo, T. & Dransfield, J. 2007. A new species of Beccariophenix from the High Plateau of Madagascar. Palms 51(2) 63-75.

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Madagascar]]
[[Category:BECCARIOPHOENIX]]

File:IMG 1368.jpg

2018-12-02T16:42:45Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: Beccariophoenix alfredii in Davie, Florida

Beccariophoenix alfredii in Davie, Florida

File:IMG 7979.jpg

2018-11-06T13:04:13Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

National Champion Leucothrinax morrisii at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden.
http://championtrees.freshfromflorida.com/home.mvc/Detail/23

Leucothrinax morrissii

2018-11-06T12:56:39Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: Removed image of Coccothrinax argentata and replaced with image of the national champion tree.

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=IMG_7979.jpg
|image_caption=National Champion Leucothrinax morrisii at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden
|genus=Leucothrinax (loo-koh-TREE-naks)
|species= morrissii (more'-riss-ee)
|subspecies=
|variety=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=Thrinax morrissii (Old name 2007)
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Costapalmate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Brittle Thatch, Buffalo Thatch, Key Thatch Palm, Silvertop-palmetto, Westindische Schilfpalme-(German).
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
Bahamas, Cuba, Florida, Haiti, Leeward Is., and Puerto Rico. Widespread and common in [[image:6479833723_510006e294_o.jpg|thumb|left|500px|"Growing in the sand dunes in Bahia Honda State Park." Florida keys. Photo by Kyle Wicomb]]the Caribbean region, Leucothrinax morrisii occurs across a range of habitats in Florida, the Greater Antilles, and the western Lesser Antilles. (C.E. Lewis and S. Zona. 2008)/Palmweb.
==Description==
Leucothrinax morrisii is a palmate-leaved palm with a solitary brown or grey trunk 1–11 metres (3–36 ft) tall and 5–35 centimetres (2–14 in) in diameter. Leaves are pale blue-green or yellow-green, whitish on the undersides. Petioles are 27–84 cm (0.9–2.8 ft) long with split petioles. The leaflets are 33–75 cm (1.1–2.5 ft) long and 2.3–4.8 cm (1–2 in) wide. The inflorescences extend beyond the leaves and are 55–100 cm (1.8–3.3 ft) long. The fruit are white, and turn yellow as they mature.

Solitary, unarmed, hermaphroditic palm to 11m tall. Stems to 35 cm in diameter. Leaves palmate, induplicate. Leaves glaucous adaxially; adaxial hastula silky upon leaf emergence (but pubescence caducous); leaf blade composed entirely of palisade cells; flowers sessile or subsessile Petioles split basally with net-like fibers, elongate, usually longer than the leaf blade. Abaxial surfaces of petiole and leaf blade covered with whitish waxy scales. Hastula and inflorescence bracts covered with silky, white caducous scales. Inflorescences arching, exceeding the leaves. Flowers sessile or borne on very short pedicels less than 1 mm in length. Fruits white, globose. Endosperm homogeneous, embryo lateral. Editing by edric.
==Culture==
Cold Hardiness Zon: 9b
==Comments and Curiosities==
Etymology: Specific epithet honors Sir Daniel Morris, the early 20th century assistant director at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Leucothrinax morrisii is one of the most familiar cultivated palms of the Caribbean region and is also found in tropical gardens and conservatories worldwide. Its status as a distinct, monotypic genus had been, until now, unrecognized, as it shares many visible features with Thrinax excelsa, T. parviflora and T. radiata. Using molecular tools that were unavailable to earlier taxonomists, we were able to show a clear distinction between Leucothrinax and related palms. (C.E. Lewis and S. Zona. 2008)/Palmweb.

Slow growing, this mid-sized palm has a slender, smooth trunk and circular, fan-shaped leaves with silvery undersides, arranged in a dense crown. It is native to the Florida Keys and much of the Carribean region, where it grows in open woodlands and coastal areas. It will thrive in any open situation in subtropical and tropical climates and prefers a well drained, calcareous soil. (RPS.com)

Conservation: It has a conservation status of “least concern” (Zona et al. 2007) under the World Conservation Union criteria (IUCN 2006). Nevertheless, it represents unexpected diversity in the Caribbean palm flora and suggests that further phylogenetic research may uncover additional surprises. This research must be done quickly, as many Caribbean palms are in rapid decline, along with the threatened areas they inhabit (Zona et al. 2007). (C.E. Lewis and S. Zona. 2008)/Palmweb.

 
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<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
Image:IMG 3301.JPG|Coral Gables, Florida.
image:Morissii_spinosa_kuhlii.jpg|Thrinax morrisii right, Licuala spinosa center and Pinanga kuhlii. Satellite Beach, FL. Photo by Charlene and Greg
image:Tmtt00.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman
image:Tmuu01.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman
image:Tmzz02.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman
image:Ee0011.jpg|Leucothrinax morrissii in the foreground, and Elaeis guineensis in the background. Cienfuegos Botanical Garden, Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman
image:Leucothrinax_morrisii99.jpg|Key Thatch Palm, Leucothrinax morrisii, in the Florida Keys. Photo by Dr. Carl E. Lewis/Palmweb.
image:Lm1850.jpg|Florida. (cultivated). Photo by Dr. Carl E. Lewis/Palmweb.
image:Lm1851.jpg|Big Pine Key, Florida. Photo by Dr. William J. Baker, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
image:Lm1852.jpg|Big Pine Key, Florida. Photo by Dr. William J. Baker, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
image:Lm3024.jpg|Big Pine Key, Florida. Photo by Dr. William J. Baker, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
image:Lm1848.jpg|Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden, Florida. Photo by Dr. John Dransfield, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
image:Lm1849.jpg|Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden, Florida. Photo by Dr. John Dransfield, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Palmweb.
image:6479833723_510006e294_o.jpg|"Growing in the sand dunes in Bahia Honda State Park." Florida keys. Photo by Kyle Wicomb.
File:Leucothrinax_morrisii_specimen2.jpg|Florida Keys. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:Leucothrinax_morrisii_leaf_underside.jpg|Florida Keys. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:Leucothrinax_morrisii_flowers.jpg|Florida Keys. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:lm0078552316.JPG|Florida Keys. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:lm009784423.JPG|Florida Keys. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:lm0067442318.JPG|Florida Keys. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:lm0089622231.JPG|Florida Keys. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:lm005623167.JPG|Cuba. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:lm006745125.JPG|Florida Keys. Photo by Paul Craft.
File:12303192155_ffb4b6aeec_o.jpg|Campus of Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida. Native Zamia pumila in the foreground. Serenoa repens (center) & Leucothrinax morrisii (left, rear). Photo by Dr. Scott Zona.
File:12303793696_eec0862d3b_o.jpg|Campus of Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida. Photo by Dr. Scott Zona.
File:12303805986_cf86731d54_o.jpg|Campus of Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida. Photo by Dr. Scott Zona.
File:12303228655_26f49abd08_o.jpg|Campus of Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida. Photo by Dr. Scott Zona.
File:lm00967443621.JPG|Elizabeth Caye, Bahamas.

File:Thrinax_morri_abaxleaf_pja.jpg|Abaxial (bottom)
File:Thrinax_morri_hastula_pja.jpg|Hastula.
File:Thrinax_morri_abaxHast_pja.jpg|Abaxial hastula.

File:Leucothrina_morrisii_AI.jpg
File:Leucothrinax-morrisii-11-Ch.jpg
File:thrinax-morrisii-key-thatch-palm-1000295281-1392929705.jpg
File:leucothrinax-morrisii-keys-thatch-palm-1000450749-1431729067.jpg
File:FLORIDA-THATCH-PALM-45GAL.jpg
File:FLA-THATCH-PALM-45-GAL.jpg
image:LeuMor.jpg|Rare Palm Seeds.com
image:LeuMor2.jpg|Rare Palm Seeds.com
image:93603c.jpg|"Growing near the coast outside of Orlando Florida." Photo by Geoff Stein
image:891d5f.jpg|"Seedling in Orlando, Florida showing silvery leaf undersides." Photo by Geoff Stein
image:D64622.jpg|"Silver underside of Key Thatch Palm in Key West Florida." Photo by Edward B.
image:Leucothrinax-morrisii33.jpg
File:key-thatch-palm.jpg

File:lm008962311.JPG
File:lm0094533128.JPG
File:lm0078638321.JPG
File:lm07933761.JPG
File:lm00678316.JPG
</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pL8-Tj2DITA
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIGAV4Jkpt4
*http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/palms/palm-id/Thrinax_morrisii_(Leucothrinax_morrisii).htm
*http://www.learnedgardener.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Lewis__Zona_2008_Leucothrinax.92103311.pdf
*http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2008/v52n2p84-88.pdf
*http://idtools.org/id/palms/palmid/factsheet.php?name=Thrinax+morrisii+(Leucothrinax+morrisii)
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Lewis, C.E. & Zona, S. 2008. Leucothrinax morrisii, a New Name for a Familiar Caribbean Palm. Palms 52(2) 84-88.
{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:LEUCOTHRINAX|morrissii]]

File:IMG 7979.jpg

2018-11-06T12:55:17Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: National Champion Leucothrinax morrisii at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden

National Champion Leucothrinax morrisii at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden

Roystonea maisiana

2018-01-28T23:00:21Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=3andrew.jpg
|image_caption=Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
|genus=Roystonea (roy-ston-EH-ah)
|species= maisiana (MY-see-ahn-ah)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Pinnate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Palma negra.
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
''Roystonea maisiana'' is endemic to the Maisí region of the province of Guantánamo, [[Image:8andrew.jpg|thumb|left|370px|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.]]eastern Cuba, at 350-420 meters altitude.
==Description==
"Roystonea maisiana, is a large palm which reaches heights of 20 metres (66 ft.). Stems are grey-white, and are usually 26–50 centimetres (10–20 in.), sometimes up to 51 centimetres (20 in.), in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a smooth green portion, known as the crownshaft (extended petiole), which is normally 1.5 m. (4.9 ft.) long. The crown holds about 15 leaves with 4.8-metre (16 ft.) rachises. The 0.8–1.1 m. (2.6–3.6 ft.) inflorescences bear white, male and female flowers (monoecious). Fruit are 10–13.7 millimetres (0.39–0.54 in.) long and 7.5–9.5 mm. (0.30–0.37 in.) wide, and black when ripe."

Trunk gray-white, to 20 m. tall , 26-40(-51) cm. in diam. Leaves about 15, lowest leaves hanging below the horizontal; crownshaft about 1.5 m. long; rachis ca. 4.8 m. long; middle segments 106-118 cm. long and 4.2-4.9 cm. wide. Inflorescence 0.8-1.1 m. long and about 1 m. wide; prophyll and peduncular bract not seen; rachillae 20-24 cm. long and 1.2-2.1 mm in diam. Staminate flowers white, sepals triangular, 1-1.4 mm. long and 1.3-1.5 mm. wide; petals elliptical to ovate, 4.2- 5.7 mm. long and 2,5- 2.9 mm. wide; stamens 6, 3.7-6.5 mm long, filaments awl-shaped, 2.4-4.4 mm long, anthers 2.5-4.2 mm long; pistillode minute. Pistillate flowers white, 2-3.5 per cm.; sepals reniform, 1.3- 1.7 mm. long, and 2.5-3.5 mm. wide; petals ovate, 2.7-3.5 mm. long; staminode 6-lobed, 2.1- 2.3 mm. long, free for 0.7-1 mm.; gynoecium 2.3-2.6 mm. long, and 1.7-2.2 mm in diam. Fruits ellipsoid, gibbous, 10-13.7 mm. long, 7.9-9.2 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 7.5-9.5 mm. wide; epicarp black, stigmatic scar plain; endocarp ellipsoid, 8.8-10.3 mm. long, 5.9-7.4 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 5.8-7.4 mm. wide; seed ellipsoid, 7.6-10 mm. long, 4.6-5.9 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 5.2-6.8 mm. wide; raphe circular. Eophyll linear-lanceolate, 12-15 cm. long and 1.2-2.2 cm. wide, stipitate, short costate. (Zona S.)/Palmweb. Editing by edric.
{{read more top}}
A copy of a letter from Bailey to León dated 8 Jan 1943, (preserved with the holotype at BH) suggests that León believed Bailey's variety was described from a mixed specimen. Liogier (1969), in a note in the supplement to the Flora of Cuba, rejected R. regia var. maisiana, indicating that it was a nomen nudum based on a mixed collection. León and Liogier did not reveal which other species they believed comprised the mixed collection. Liogier's treatment of this taxon was apparently followed by subsequent workers including Muñiz and Borhidi (1982). However, collections of the endemic Cuban Roystonea made recently in Maisí (Zona, 1991), clarify the confusion surrounding the type of R. regia var. maisiana, and give some clue as to why Liogier rejected this taxon. First, this name is certainly not a nomen nudum: Bailey (1935), provided as accurate a description as was possible from his scanty collections. He provided a Latin diagnosis, a description of vegetative and reproductive parts, and even a photograph of the palm, leaving little doubt that he was describing the slender palms endemic to Maisí. The name cannot be rejected as a nomen nudum. The second aspect of Liogier's argument, that the type of R. regia var. maisiana is a mixed collection, is predicated on Liogier's knowledge of another Maisí endemic, the violet-trunked R. violacea. The type of R. violacea (Leon & Seifriz 18280) is composed of vegetative material that agrees in all details with that of recent collections of violet-trunked individuals. Flowers and fruits from the type sheet, however, match those taken from slender palms that must be R. regia var. maisiana. In fact, a packet of staminate flowers, included with the isotype at US bears the anonymous annotation "maisialla." It now seems apparent that it is León's type of R. violacea that is a mixed collection, containing elements belonging to R. regia var. maisiana, and that the description of R. violacea drawn from this mixture, is what led to Liogier's confusion about the identity of R. regia var. maisiana. Thus, Bailey's taxon stands, and León's R. violacea (q.v.) requires lectotypification and recircumscription. Because this taxon does not seem to be phylogenetically close to R. regia (see under "Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography"), it is here elevated to specific rank. (Zona S.)/Palmweb.
{{read more bottom}}
==Culture==
Same requirements as R. regia.
==Curiosities==
"While at Fairchild Tropical Gardens (FTG), I noticed in the small grove of about six or so R. Maisianas, two of them had a burnt orange tomentum on the crownshaft(causing it to appear red, from a distance). I wasn't sure what it was, but after inspection of all the trees, there was indeed a red powdery-ness on two of them. I was wondering why only two of the six or so trees had it. Maybe this red tomentum is worn off as the crownshaft ages? Maybe the crownshaft grows this redness as it matures..? I consulted Dr. Scott Zona about this red tomentum and he was unaware of it. From the literature I have read, this palm's distinguishing features are a longer petiole(I noticed this), as well as a trunk that usually never tapers--I noticed this as well. What I also noticed(not in the books)is the huge crownshaft. My readings say 4', but they are more like 6 1/2-8' tall(the crownshaft was way taller than me). A rare and unique royal--these photos show, that the palm goes through varying stages of color... " (Andrew Street)

“R. maisiana, endemic to Maisi, where it is abundant, is much more slender and less ventricose than R. regia. I measured a population of R. maisiana and found that the trunk diameter at breast height averaged 36.5 cm, compared with an average of 46.9 cm in R. regia. This species would be an elegant palm for cultivation.” Scott Zona in “Notes on Roystonea in Cuba”. (Scott Zona)

“The endemic species of Cuba (R. lenis, R. stellata, R. maisiana and R. violacea) are not sister species - i.e., they are not more closely related to one another than to other species in the genus. Their evolutionary history is perhaps the most vexing phylogenetic problem in the genus. repeated vicariance events between eastern Cuba and other land masses in the Caribbean and Central America would not have been possible, nor can one readily envisage sympatric speciation in the Maisi. For want of alternative hypotheses, I currently favor a refugium hypothesis to explain the presence of four endemic taxa (and one widespread taxon) in eastern Cuba.” (Scott Zona)

Uses: This palm is used, as other species are in eastern Cuba, for timber, thatch, and hog feed.

 
{{#Widget:AdResban}}
<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
image:IMG_8114.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL.
image:1andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:2andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:3andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:4andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:5andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:6andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:7andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:8andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:9andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:10andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:11andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:12andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:13andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_122andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_123andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_126andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_128andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.

</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/virtualtours/cuba/vpe_palmsofcuba1.htm
*http://www.roystonea.com/roystonea-maisiana/
*http://www.amazonia-online.com/Palm_Pictures_Roystonea/Roystonea_maisiana.html
http://perfildaplanta.blogspot.com/2010/07/roystoneas-confusoes-imperiais-parte-ii.html
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Zona S.Roystonea.(Arecaceae: Arecoideae).

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Cuba]]
[[Category:ROYSTONEA|maisiana]]

Roystonea maisiana

2018-01-28T22:59:39Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=3andrew.jpg
|image_caption=Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
|genus=Roystonea (roy-ston-EH-ah)
|species= maisiana (MY-see-ahn-ah)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Pinnate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Palma negra.
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
''Roystonea maisiana'' is endemic to the Maisí region of the province of Guantánamo, [[Image:8andrew.jpg|thumb|left|370px|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.]]eastern Cuba, at 350-420 meters altitude.
==Description==
"Roystonea maisiana, is a large palm which reaches heights of 20 metres (66 ft.). Stems are grey-white, and are usually 26–50 centimetres (10–20 in.), sometimes up to 51 centimetres (20 in.), in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a smooth green portion, known as the crownshaft (extended petiole), which is normally 1.5 m. (4.9 ft.) long. The crown holds about 15 leaves with 4.8-metre (16 ft.) rachises. The 0.8–1.1 m. (2.6–3.6 ft.) inflorescences bear white, male and female flowers (monoecious). Fruit are 10–13.7 millimetres (0.39–0.54 in.) long and 7.5–9.5 mm. (0.30–0.37 in.) wide, and black when ripe."

Trunk gray-white, to 20 m. tall , 26-40(-51) cm. in diam. Leaves about 15, lowest leaves hanging below the horizontal; crownshaft about 1.5 m. long; rachis ca. 4.8 m. long; middle segments 106-118 cm. long and 4.2-4.9 cm. wide. Inflorescence 0.8-1.1 m. long and about 1 m. wide; prophyll and peduncular bract not seen; rachillae 20-24 cm. long and 1.2-2.1 mm in diam. Staminate flowers white, sepals triangular, 1-1.4 mm. long and 1.3-1.5 mm. wide; petals elliptical to ovate, 4.2- 5.7 mm. long and 2,5- 2.9 mm. wide; stamens 6, 3.7-6.5 mm long, filaments awl-shaped, 2.4-4.4 mm long, anthers 2.5-4.2 mm long; pistillode minute. Pistillate flowers white, 2-3.5 per cm.; sepals reniform, 1.3- 1.7 mm. long, and 2.5-3.5 mm. wide; petals ovate, 2.7-3.5 mm. long; staminode 6-lobed, 2.1- 2.3 mm. long, free for 0.7-1 mm.; gynoecium 2.3-2.6 mm. long, and 1.7-2.2 mm in diam. Fruits ellipsoid, gibbous, 10-13.7 mm. long, 7.9-9.2 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 7.5-9.5 mm. wide; epicarp black, stigmatic scar plain; endocarp ellipsoid, 8.8-10.3 mm. long, 5.9-7.4 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 5.8-7.4 mm. wide; seed ellipsoid, 7.6-10 mm. long, 4.6-5.9 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 5.2-6.8 mm. wide; raphe circular. Eophyll linear-lanceolate, 12-15 cm. long and 1.2-2.2 cm. wide, stipitate, short costate. (Zona S.)/Palmweb. Editing by edric.
{{read more top}}
A copy of a letter from Bailey to León dated 8 Jan 1943, (preserved with the holotype at BH) suggests that León believed Bailey's variety was described from a mixed specimen. Liogier (1969), in a note in the supplement to the Flora of Cuba, rejected R. regia var. maisiana, indicating that it was a nomen nudum based on a mixed collection. León and Liogier did not reveal which other species they believed comprised the mixed collection. Liogier's treatment of this taxon was apparently followed by subsequent workers including Muñiz and Borhidi (1982). However, collections of the endemic Cuban Roystonea made recently in Maisí (Zona, 1991), clarify the confusion surrounding the type of R. regia var. maisiana, and give some clue as to why Liogier rejected this taxon. First, this name is certainly not a nomen nudum: Bailey (1935), provided as accurate a description as was possible from his scanty collections. He provided a Latin diagnosis, a description of vegetative and reproductive parts, and even a photograph of the palm, leaving little doubt that he was describing the slender palms endemic to Maisí. The name cannot be rejected as a nomen nudum. The second aspect of Liogier's argument, that the type of R. regia var. maisiana is a mixed collection, is predicated on Liogier's knowledge of another Maisí endemic, the violet-trunked R. violacea. The type of R. violacea (Leon & Seifriz 18280) is composed of vegetative material that agrees in all details with that of recent collections of violet-trunked individuals. Flowers and fruits from the type sheet, however, match those taken from slender palms that must be R. regia var. maisiana. In fact, a packet of staminate flowers, included with the isotype at US bears the anonymous annotation "maisialla." It now seems apparent that it is León's type of R. violacea that is a mixed collection, containing elements belonging to R. regia var. maisiana, and that the description of R. violacea drawn from this mixture, is what led to Liogier's confusion about the identity of R. regia var. maisiana. Thus, Bailey's taxon stands, and León's R. violacea (q.v.) requires lectotypification and recircumscription. Because this taxon does not seem to be phylogenetically close to R. regia (see under "Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography"), it is here elevated to specific rank. (Zona S.)/Palmweb.
{{read more bottom}}
==Culture==
Same requirements as R. regia.
==Curiosities==
"While at Fairchild Tropical Gardens (FTG), I noticed in the small grove of about six or so R. Maisianas, two of them had a burnt orange tomentum on the crownshaft(causing it to appear red, from a distance). I wasn't sure what it was, but after inspection of all the trees, there was indeed a red powdery-ness on two of them. I was wondering why only two of the six or so trees had it. Maybe this red tomentum is worn off as the crownshaft ages? Maybe the crownshaft grows this redness as it matures..? I consulted Dr. Scott Zona about this red tomentum and he was unaware of it. From the literature I have read, this palm's distinguishing features are a longer petiole(I noticed this), as well as a trunk that usually never tapers--I noticed this as well. What I also noticed(not in the books)is the huge crownshaft. My readings say 4', but they are more like 6 1/2-8' tall(the crownshaft was way taller than me). A rare and unique royal--these photos show, that the palm goes through varying stages of color... " (Andrew Street)

“R. maisiana, endemic to Maisi, where it is abundant, is much more slender and less ventricose than R. regia. I measured a population of R. maisiana and found that the trunk diameter at breast height averaged 36.5 cm, compared with an average of 46.9 cm in R. regia. This species would be an elegant palm for cultivation.” Scott Zona in “Notes on Roystonea in Cuba”.

“The endemic species of Cuba (R. lenis, R. stellata, R. maisiana and R. violacea) are not sister species - i.e., they are not more closely related to one another than to other species in the genus. Their evolutionary history is perhaps the most vexing phylogenetic problem in the genus. repeated vicariance events between eastern Cuba and other land masses in the Caribbean and Central America would not have been possible, nor can one readily envisage sympatric speciation in the Maisi. For want of alternative hypotheses, I currently favor a refugium hypothesis to explain the presence of four endemic taxa (and one widespread taxon) in eastern Cuba.”

Scott Zona in the Roystonea monograph.

Uses: This palm is used, as other species are in eastern Cuba, for timber, thatch, and hog feed.

 
{{#Widget:AdResban}}
<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
image:IMG_8114.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL.
image:1andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:2andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:3andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:4andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:5andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:6andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:7andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:8andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:9andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:10andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:11andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:12andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:13andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_122andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_123andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_126andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_128andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.

</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/virtualtours/cuba/vpe_palmsofcuba1.htm
*http://www.roystonea.com/roystonea-maisiana/
*http://www.amazonia-online.com/Palm_Pictures_Roystonea/Roystonea_maisiana.html
http://perfildaplanta.blogspot.com/2010/07/roystoneas-confusoes-imperiais-parte-ii.html
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Zona S.Roystonea.(Arecaceae: Arecoideae).

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Cuba]]
[[Category:ROYSTONEA|maisiana]]

File:Fullsizeoutput 5cf.jpeg

2018-01-07T19:49:33Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: The arrangement of lepidia on the abaxial leaf blade in distinct, parallel lines is diagnostic for Pritchardia thurstonii.

The arrangement of lepidia on the abaxial leaf blade in distinct, parallel lines is diagnostic for Pritchardia thurstonii.

Pritchardia schattaueri

2018-01-07T19:46:24Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

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{{Palmbox
|image=ps09849_orig.jpg
|image_caption=Hawaii, Big Island. Photo by Dr. Eric White
|genus=Pritchardia (pritch-AHR-dee-ah)
|species=schattaueri (skah-tower'-ee)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Costapalmate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Hawaiian; Hāwane, Loulu, Noulu, Wāhane.
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
Moist forest on gentle slopes, 600-800 m elevation. [[image:Ps0228.jpg|thumb|left|370px|Hawaii, Big Island. Photo by Dr. Eric White]]Endemic to mixed mesic forests on the southwestern part of Big Island, Hawaii. This beautiful loulu is found from about 1970 to 2625 feet in moist forests on gentle slopes in South Kona, Hawaiʻi Island where fewer than a dozen remain in the wild. (Notes from a presentation to the Hawaii Botanical Society on 11/2/11.)
==Description==
This species reaches an incredible height of 130 feet (40 m), with a trunk diameter of 1 foot (0.30 m). The 30 or so leaves in the crown, are 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m) long and have 6–7-foot (1.8–2.1 m) petioles. It grows at elevations of 2,000 – 2,600 feet (610–790 m), where it receives 2,000 millimetres (79 in.) of rainfall per year. Editing by edric.

To 25 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with abundant fibers; leaf blade slightly undulate, divided 1/3-2/5, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips drooping inflorescences composed of 1-4 panicles, shorter than or about equaling petioles, when in flower, and in fruit, panicles branched to 2 orders, rachillae glabrous; fruits 30-50 x 30-40 mm, globose to obovoid. (Hodel, D. 2007)/Palmweb.

Pritchardia schattalleri can be distinguished by its leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and divided to more than one third with pendulous segment tips, inflorescences shorter than or about equaling the petioles, glabrous rachillae and large fruits. It is similar to P. gordonii but the latter differs in having leaf blades with narrower and more deeply bifid segment tips (resulting in the tips appearing more conspicuously pendulous), slightly longer inflorescences equaling or exceeding the petioles in fruit, and oblate fruits. (iucn.org)
==Culture==
Sunny, moist, but well drained position. Probably the fastest growing of all Pritchardias. Pritchardia seeds have been shown to have a high germination rate and seedlings grow well in the right nutrient, temperature, and light conditions. The outer husk must be removed from the seeds in order for germination to occur. This is most easily achieved by soaking the seeds for at least 24 hours. After removal of the outer husk the seeds can be germinated by placing them in the dark for 4-8 weeks either in a planting medium (such as 3 parts perlite to 2 parts peat moss) or potting soil in seed flats or in zip lock bags. (National Tropical Botanical Garden)
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Apply a complete palm fertilizer with minor elements as directed on label. Be certain that sufficient magnesium and potassium is present in the fertilizer component. This is especially critical for loulus in pots. Magnesium and potassium deficiencies are two of the most serious nutritional disorders in palms. The deficiencies are characterized by bright yellowing (chlorotic) on leaf edges or streaking or the entire fronds yellowing. This can be difficult to reverse. Applications of Epsom salt, or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), is good but does not last and is usually washed out of the soil in rainy periods. There are some very good slow release fertilizer spikes made especially for palms on the market which contain a good balance of minor elements with magnesium and potassium. Potted or younger loulu planted in the ground appreciate a foliar feeding of kelp or fish emulsion and Epsom salt monthly or bi-monthly. Palm grower Garrett Webb, Kalaoa Gardens, Kailua-Kona notes that "even though the remnant population grows at a higher elevation where it is cool and cloudy, it has proven to perform well in hot and dry lower elevations. Garrett Webb also suggests that "it grows best with some shade at immature stages and will eventually tolerate full sun." (Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff)

''Pritchardia schattaueri'' is an easy to grow palm but not often available for the landscape. ''Pritchardia schattaueri'' vary in shape. Specimens raised in dry and/or infertile soils tend to be smaller in stature with smaller leaves. Light also affects the plant's form while those grown in full sun are more compact. This palm prefers a sunny, well drained, and moist location. Growth rate: It is a slow growing, short stocky palm. Soil: It likes organic soil, but is adaptable to clay and loam both slightly alkaline and acidic. Good drainage is also important. Fertilization: Need a perfect fertilizer diet including all micro nutrients and trace elements or slow release fertilizer. Micro-nutrient deficiencies are occasional problems. If it doesn't get enough Mn and Fe (Iron), the leaves take on a rather unhealthy yellow colour. Micro-nutrient deficiencies only show up on soil with a high pH. Fertilize often for faster growth. Water Requirements: Needs regular water, do not let dry out between waterings. however it does not want to sit in continually wet, mucky soil. The roots and lower trunk can rot if soil is kept too moist. Light: Prefers full sun but will tolerate half day sun. Hardiness: It is adapted to tropical and subtropical climates, young plants are more cold sensitive. Maintenance: Remove dead fronds and spent fruiting stalks for a clean landscape appearance. Fronds can be left on the palm to form a skirt for natural settings. Palms recycle nutrients from dead or dying fronds and use them for healthier fronds. Palms only have a set number of new leaves that can sprout and grow per year and removing fronds will not increase that number. If you cut off more than what will grow annually, you could be left with a pretty bare and bald palm. Pest & Disease: Mealybugs and whiteflies underneath the leaves can present problems at times if not kept in check. A generous spray of water can wash them off. Ornamental: It is cultivated as an ornamental tree, and planted in gardens and parks in tropical and sub-tropical climates either as a single specimen or in groups. Culture in containers is possible although growth rates are slower. A bright patio will provide an excellent environment for young specimens which can eventually be planted in a sunny location. (llifle.com)
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==Comments and Curiosities==
Conservation: It is threatened by habitat loss. As of 1998 there were 12 individuals remaining in the wild. This is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. (ICUN Redlist)
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Etymology: Pritchardia name is dedicated to William Thomas Pritchard (1829-1907), British official stationed in Fiji in the 19th Century, British counsul in Fiji, adventurer, and author of Polynesian Reminiscences in 1866. The speific epithet schattaueri is named for George Schattauer of Kona, Hawaiʻi who discovered this species in 1960 while clearing his land. ("A New Species of Pritchardia from South Kona, Hawaii", pages 31, 32.)

Phenology: "The yellow flowers, like other Pritchardia spp., are showy en masse. The fruits are brown to black with brown spots when ripe and are from 1 to 2 inches long and about as wide." (Bill Chang)

"Pritchardia schattaueri is closely related to P. forbesiana, P. gordonii, P. lowreyana, and P. munroi." "The vernacular, or common, name "Lands of Papa pritchardia" comes from the location where it was first discovered, Papa, South Kona, Hawaiʻi Island." (A Review of the Genus Pritchardia", page S-8, S-39, S-41-42.)

"Each of the semicircular leaves is 5 to 6 feet wide. The leaf crown is spherical and dense. The petioles, stem portion connecting leaf to the palm, are 6 or 7 feet long, and covered in light brown, chalky tomentum (fuzz) on the lower surfaces." (Bill Chang)

"A distinctive feature of this species is the drooping leaf tips at maturity." (Garrett Webb, Kalaoa Gardens)

"By far the tallest of the Pritchardias, growing up to 130'! Has very long, large drooping leaves and leaflet tips. Leaves start out semicircular but eventually seem more wedge shaped. Form the big island of Hawaii where it is endangered. Great palm for southern California, too, seeming to handle some mild frosts OK, but not as fast a grower as some other species." (Geoff Stein)
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'''Short forum discussion''' [http://www.palmpedia.net/forum/showthread.php?1448-Habitat-Photos-100-foot-Pritchardia-schattaueri '''HERE''']

 
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<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
Image:IMG_0621.jpg|Leaf underside showing the lepidia
Image:Garret1.jpg|Habitat in Kona, Hawaii.
Image:Garrett3.jpg|In habitat on Jimmy Stewart's Ranch - Kona, Hawaii.
Image:Pritchardia schattaueri.jpg|Hawaiian Botanical Gardens, Big Island, Hawaii.
Image:Pritchardia schattaueriCA.jpg|Dave Blistein's, La Habra CA, P. schattaueri on the left, P. hillebrandtii on right.
image:Rich110123x5Pritchardia_schattaueri.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by BGL
image:Schattaueri.jpg|In habitat, Hawaii. Photo by Allan Bredeson
image:Schattaueri02.jpg|Photo by Allan Bredeson
image:Pritchardia_schattaueri,_Koko_Crater_Botanical_Garden_-_IMG_2255.JPG|Koko Crater Botanical Garden, Honolulu, Hawaii. Photo by Daderot
File:PritchardiaSchattaueri4Nov01.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by Steve
image:5249709083_4729663d8e_o.jpg|Oʻahu, Hawaii. Photo by Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff
image:5250315420_ffdab07f24_o.jpg|Oʻahu, Hawaii. Photo by Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff
File:ps78917_orig.jpg|Oʻahu, Hawaii. Photo by Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff
File:ps75941_orig.jpg|Oʻahu, Hawaii. Photo by Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff
File:5249709041_8b129227ce_o.jpg|Oʻahu, Hawaii. Photo by Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff
image:Viu1295710076c.JPG|Hawaii.
image:Pritchardia-schattaueri.jpg|Hawaiian Tropical Botanical Gardens, Big Island, Hawaii.
image:5294615397_8f0eb23d92_o.jpg|"Seeds collected from the Hooman Ranch on the big island of Hawaii. McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii." Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:5294599639_a90739f79b_o.jpg|"Seeds collected from the Hooman Ranch on the big island of Hawaii. McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii." Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:5294607639_ac0712c6c4_o.jpg|"Seeds collected from the Hooman Ranch on the big island of Hawaii. McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii." Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:5295203964_af832684de_o.jpg|"Seeds collected from the Hooman Ranch on the big island of Hawaii. McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii." Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:5294302755_f5e3fe4ea7_o.jpg|"Seeds collected from the Hooman Ranch on the big island of Hawaii. McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii." Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:9a20c5.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:0dd683.jpg|"Koko Crater, Oahu, showing typical drooping leaves of younger but trunking palm." Photo by Geoff Stein
image:D62d44.jpg|"seedling in Encinitas California" Photo by Geoff Stein
image:193112.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:Dde750.jpg|Floribunda Nursery, Hawaii. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:7373e7.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:Ba8f0e.jpg|Southern California. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:3d42aa.jpg|Photo by Geoff Stein
image:6a0811.jpg|San Diego Botanical Gardens, CA. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:06dfe7.jpg|San Diego Botanical Gardens, CA. Photo by Growin
image:Ce217d.jpg|San Diego Botanical Gardens, CA. Photo by Growin
image:Ps0228.jpg|Hawaii, Big Island. Photo by Dr. Eric White
File:ps09849_orig.jpg|Hawaii, Big Island. Photo by Dr. Eric White
File:pritchardia-schattaueri-giant-pritchardia-leaf-C4RYT3.jpg
image:PsDSCF1312.jpg|Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. photo by Bertie Bainbridge
File:DSCN2248.JPG.d3e4edc76833495451571963ef6a7b55.JPG|Hawaii. Photo by Al in Kona.
File:psIMG_4660.JPG.7c0ea7a41fbe6e44d4982f884046b3bd.JPG|Palmetto, Fl. Photo by Keith Zimmerman.

</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.waianaecrider.com/Palms/PritchardiaSchattaueri.htm
*http://flickrhivemind.net/Tags/pritchardia/Interesting
*http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/Flora%20fact%20sheets/Pri_sch%20plant%20NTBG_W.pdf
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/13/the-island-of-oahu/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/08/the-island-of-maui/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/the-islands-of-niihau-and-nihoa/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/06/the-island-of-hawaii/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/21/the-island-of-kauai/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/08/the-island-of-lanai/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/08/island-of-molokai/
*http://hanapalms.wordpress.com/2010/07/
*http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/12/23
*[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pritchardia%20schattaueri&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&ved=0CEcQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmpedia.net%2Fwiki%2FPritchardia_schattaueri&ei=NccEU-q3MdTyyAG7ooHwCQ&usg=AFQjCNGsfjYVpf9xWGvGMesBQ3ER4Ej0Zw&sig2=3gqMBTSvYFoMb0L4nuTO6A&bvm=bv.61535280,d.aWc e-taxonomy]
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Hodel, D. 2007.

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:PRITCHARDIA|schattaueri]]

File:IMG 0621.jpg

2018-01-07T19:45:36Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: Pritchardia schattaueri showing lepidia on the underside of the leaf.

Pritchardia schattaueri showing lepidia on the underside of the leaf.

Pritchardia beccariana

2018-01-07T19:44:22Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

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{{Palmbox
|image=8048897623_f17406cc32_k.jpg
|image_caption=Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
|genus=Pritchardia (pritch-AHR-dee-ah)
|species= beccariana (bek-KAR-ee-ahn-ah)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Costapalmate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Kilauea pritchardia. Loulu, 'Loulu' is pronounced low-loo. Loulu means "umbrella," because the leaves were formerly used as protection from rain or sun.
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
''Pritchardia beccariana'' occurs on the northeastern and eastern slopes of [[image:77020_orig.jpg|thumb|left|390px|Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Olaa Forest Hawaii, Big Island. Photo by Dr. Eric White]]Mauna Loa, on the Big Island of Hawaii, in wet forests between 300-1300 meters elevation.
==Description==
Solitary fan leaved palm with large, flat, round leaves with shallowly divided leaf blades and stiff segment tips. This is one of the taller Pritchardias growing up to 20 meters tall. Inflorescences are shorter than or equal to the petiole length and the fruits are large, approximately 40 x 30-40 mm globose to ellipsoid.

To 20 m tall; proximal margins of petiole with slight to moderate fibers; leaf blade nearly flat, divided 1/5-1/4, abaxial surface incompletely covered with scattered lepidia, segment tips stiff; inflorescences composed of 2-4 panicles, shorter than or equaling petioles in flower and fruit (infrequently slightly exceeding petioles in fruit), panicles branched to 3 orders, rachillae glabrous to clothed with scurfy indumentum in flower, glabrous in fruit; fruits 40 x 30-40 mm, globose to ellipsoid/Palmweb. Editing by edric.

Pritchardia beccariana is distinct in its large, flat, round, shallowly divided leaf blades incompletely covered abaxially with lepidia and with stiff segment tips, inflorescences shorter than or about equaling the petioles, and large fruits. It is similar to P. gordonii and P. schattaueri, both of which differ in their leaf blades with pendulous segment tips and petiole margins with an abundance of conspicuous fibers proximally/Palmweb.
==Culture==
Requires constantly moist soil, and can take shade or full sun, although grows considerably faster in sun.
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[[{{PFC}}http://www.palmpedia.net/palmsforcal/index.php5/Pritchardia_beccariana]]
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==Comments and Curiosities==
Etymology: Pritchardia name is dedicated to William Thomas Pritchard (1829-1907), British official stationed in Fiji in the 19th Century, British counsul in Fiji, adventurer, and author of Polynesian Reminiscences in 1866. The specific epithet beccariana is named for the Italian botanist Odoardo Becarri (1843-1920), perhaps best known for "discovering" the Titan arum, the plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world, in Sumatra in 1878.

"The mature trunks grow to sixty feet; more commonly to forty feet with a diameter of one foot. Deep brown with closely set leaf scar rings, the trunk shows off narrow vertical fissures. The leaf crown is spherical because of the persistent dead leaves; it attains a spread of fifteen feet. The leaves are three to four feet wide and semi to almost circular. The leaf segments extend to one third of the leaf blade, and the stout petioles extend into the blades, forming a distant midrib. The leaf blade is slightly folded and cup shaped when young. They are bright clear green on both sides; the segments are slightly pendent at their apices. The petiole is stout, five feet long, light brownish, and covered in a chalky, light brown to almost white felt when young. The inflorescences are five feet long and many branched, they bear small yellowish bisexual flowers. The fruit are one inch wide, round and glossy black when ripe." (Bill Chang)
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These threes thrive in partial shade to full sun except in the hottest climates where it needs protection from the midday sun. Pritchardia beccariana loves water and must not suffer drought conditions. It also needs humus rich soil that is well drained. The species is one of the tallest growing of the genus. Younger plants are incredibly attractive up close because of the near perfection of the heavy leaves.

Of the five loulu species native to the Island of Hawaii, Pritchardia beccariana is found in ‘Ola’a, a forest in the Volcanoes National Park, and can be easily seen from Wright Road (Highway 148). Mature trees emerge far above the canopy of ‘Ohi’a (Metrosideros polymorpha), tree ferns and other common rain forest trees. This species of loulu is also distributed over uncleared forest outside the National Park and is not considered rare; however, the threats to reproduction from rats, feral pigs and insects should be considered for close observation.

The names Hāwane and Wāhane can refer to either the fruits or the trees themselves.

This loulu is found from about 1000 to 4200 feet in wet forest on Mauna Loa, Hawaiʻi Island. It probably originally occured lower, perhaps to sea level, but urbanization, farming, and reforestation projects have destroyed the forest at lower elevations.

The hard wood of the trunk of taller species of loulu were fashioned into spears by early Hawaiians.

The fruits called hāwane or wāhane were peeled and eaten by early Hawaiians. They collected young fruits. The flavor of young fruit with the soft interior is similar to coconut. The trunks loulu were notched for climbing to gather the immature fruits and fronds. Older specimens still bear notches that can be seen today.

Loulu or Kilauea pritchardia. Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiʻi Island only) Oʻahu (Cultivated). The fruits called hāwane or wāhane were peeled and eaten by early Hawaiians. They collected young fruits. The flavor of young fruit with the soft interior is similar to coconut. The trunks loulu were notched for climbing to gather the immature fruits and fronds. Older specimens still bear notches that can be seen today. The fronds, or leaves, called lau hāwane were used by the early Hawaiians for thatching and more recently as plaiting such as papale (hats) and fans. (Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff)

"One of the larger-leaved Pritchardias. Does fairly well in southern California in partial shade situations, but is a slow plant. Native to Hawaii. Leaves are semicircular to somewhat less of a circle than that. Only split about 1/10 of the way down the leaf." (Geoff Stein)

A high altitude species from montane rainforest on the Big Island of Hawaii. It has a beautiful leaf, almost circular in outline, and a robust, rather tall trunk. The seeds are large. (RPS.com){{read more bottom}}

 
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<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
image:IMG_0616.jpg|Leaf underside showing the lepidia.
image:F120614t2.JPG|Floribunda Palms, Hawaii, photo by BGL
image:Pritchardia-beccariana64.jpg|Hawaiian Tropical Botanical Garden
image:Pritchardia_beccariana_(2).JPG|California. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:Pritchardia_beccariana_Hu.jpg|California. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:Pritchardia_beccariophoenix_Ha.JPG|California. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:Pritchardia_beccarianahawaii.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by Geoff Stein
image:44a866.jpg|Photo by Geoff Stein
image:8e30da.jpg|Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
image:8048897623_f17406cc32_k.jpg|Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
image:8048899297_c965ac5bab_k.jpg|Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
image:8048903766_6c9577791b_k.jpg|Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
image:8048905232_1a16e683c6_k.jpg|Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
image:8048905938_b9f1de7a58_k.jpg|Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
image:8048906684_4f61dd10e9_k.jpg|Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
image:8048907532_4fd1f20ed9_h.jpg|Hawaiian rainforest. Photo by Metrosideros
image:5294563513_c088bd3aee_o.jpg|McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii. Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:5294346515_452d8c7a62_o.jpg|McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii. Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:5294941540_3bc87041f6_o.jpg|McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii. Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:5294347567_b34fcace38_o.jpg|McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii. Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:5294871674_270f236908_o.jpg|McBryde Gardens at the NTBG in Kauai, Hawaii. Photo by Kyle Wicomb
image:
image:
image:P-beccariana-apr-06-0631.jpg|Wakiu, Hana, Maui. Photo by Bill Chang
image:Pritchardia-beccariana-hastula-leaf-detail-6-29-07.jpg|"The hastula on Pritchardia beccariana is more pointed that it is on most other loulu species." Wakiu, Hana, Maui. Photo by Bill Chang
image:Pritchardia-beccariana-hastula-detail-6-29-07.jpg|"The hastula on Pritchardia beccariana is more pointed that it is on most other loulu species." Wakiu, Hana, Maui. Photo by Bill Chang
image:87783_orig.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by David Eickhoff
image:22916_orig.jpg|Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve, Big Island east Hawaii, Hawaii, Hawaii. Photo by Dr. Eric White
image:16055_orig.jpg|Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve, Big Island east Hawaii, Hawaii, Hawaii. Photo by Dr. Eric White
image:03435_orig.jpg|Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Olaa Forest Hawaii, Big Island. Photo by Dr. Eric White
image:81570_orig.jpg|Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Olaa Forest Hawaii, Big Island. Photo by Dr. Eric White
image:77020_orig.jpg|Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Olaa Forest Hawaii, Big Island. Photo by Dr. Eric White
File:pb1648.jpg|Tree found in very thick rain forest of Ohia trees (Metrosideros polymorpha) with tree ferns(Cibotium glaucum). Endemic to this specific area of the windward side of the Big Island, Hawaii (Near Glenwood & Kulani, SW of Hilo). Photo by Dr. Eric White.
image:37978_orig.jpg|Kulani, Hawai`i, Hawaii. Photo by Dr. Wagner W. L.
image:33115_orig.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff
image:67389_orig.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff
image:57621_orig.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by Encyclopedia of Life curator Dr. David Eickhoff
image:5229073841_a7dcb5dfea_o.jpg|Waiakea, Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Photo by J. B. Friday
image:Beccariana.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by BGL
image:Beccariana02.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by BGL
image:Beccariana03.jpg|Hawaii. Photo by BGL
image:Pritch-_002.jpg|Spring Valley, CA (San Diego County). Photo by Matty Bradford
image:6-09-_017.jpg|Spring Valley, CA (San Diego County). Photo by Matty Bradford
image:4-28-11-_032.jpg|Spring Valley, CA (San Diego County). Photo by Matty Bradford
image:Post-126-0-11697100-1377209857.jpg|Spring Valley, CA (San Diego County). Photo by Matty Bradford
image:Post-126-0-48105600-1377209840.jpg|Spring Valley, CA (San Diego County). Photo by Matty Bradford
image:Post-126-0-67324700-1377209845.jpg|Spring Valley, CA (San Diego County). Photo by Matty Bradford
image:PhpFrsyWWPM.jpg|Cardiff by the Sea, SoCal. Photo by Bill Shafer
image:PhpLfFQL9PM.jpg|Cardiff by the Sea, SoCal. Photo by Bill Shafer
image:Pritchardia_beccariana44.jpg
image:6051636574_e333d7631e_z.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051070045_51df6195b3_o.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051069627_a5c9eac3df_o.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051069805_7baea69b61_o.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051070357_9b5a0abcf9_o.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051070829_81b0f9f2c7_o.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051071289_bf3a18f9e7_o.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051623616_12afa4dfff_o.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051624056_16665f93ee_o.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:6051067797_aac41d8a7a_z.jpg|Big Island, Hawaii. Photo by Jupiter Nielsen
image:Pbimg_6089.jpg|Hawaii.
image:PritchardiaBeccarianaFeb08.jpg|Wai`anae Valley, Oahu, Hawaii. Photo by Wai`anae Steve

image:PriBec.jpg|Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
</gallery></center>

==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/13/the-island-of-oahu/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/08/the-island-of-maui/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/the-islands-of-niihau-and-nihoa/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/06/the-island-of-hawaii/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/21/the-island-of-kauai/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/08/the-island-of-lanai/
*http://myloulu.wordpress.com/2010/09/08/island-of-molokai/
*http://hanapalms.wordpress.com/2010/07/
*http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/12/23
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Hodel, D. 2007.

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:PRITCHARDIA|beccariana]]

File:IMG 0616.jpg

2018-01-07T19:43:09Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: Pritchardia beccariana leaf underside showing the lepidia.

Pritchardia beccariana leaf underside showing the lepidia.

Roystonea maisiana

2017-12-29T23:02:54Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=3andrew.jpg
|image_caption=Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
|genus=Roystonea (roy-ston-EH-ah)
|species= maisiana (MY-see-ahn-ah)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Pinnate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Palma negra.
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
''Roystonea maisiana'' is endemic to the Maisí region of the province of Guantánamo, [[Image:8andrew.jpg|thumb|left|370px|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.]]eastern Cuba, at 350-420 meters altitude.
==Description==
"Roystonea maisiana, is a large palm which reaches heights of 20 metres (66 ft.). Stems are grey-white, and are usually 26–50 centimetres (10–20 in.), sometimes up to 51 centimetres (20 in.), in diameter. The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a smooth green portion, known as the crownshaft (extended petiole), which is normally 1.5 m. (4.9 ft.) long. The crown holds about 15 leaves with 4.8-metre (16 ft.) rachises. The 0.8–1.1 m. (2.6–3.6 ft.) inflorescences bear white, male and female flowers (monoecious). Fruit are 10–13.7 millimetres (0.39–0.54 in.) long and 7.5–9.5 mm. (0.30–0.37 in.) wide, and black when ripe."

Trunk gray-white, to 20 m. tall , 26-40(-51) cm. in diam. Leaves about 15, lowest leaves hanging below the horizontal; crownshaft about 1.5 m. long; rachis ca. 4.8 m. long; middle segments 106-118 cm. long and 4.2-4.9 cm. wide. Inflorescence 0.8-1.1 m. long and about 1 m. wide; prophyll and peduncular bract not seen; rachillae 20-24 cm. long and 1.2-2.1 mm in diam. Staminate flowers white, sepals triangular, 1-1.4 mm. long and 1.3-1.5 mm. wide; petals elliptical to ovate, 4.2- 5.7 mm. long and 2,5- 2.9 mm. wide; stamens 6, 3.7-6.5 mm long, filaments awl-shaped, 2.4-4.4 mm long, anthers 2.5-4.2 mm long; pistillode minute. Pistillate flowers white, 2-3.5 per cm.; sepals reniform, 1.3- 1.7 mm. long, and 2.5-3.5 mm. wide; petals ovate, 2.7-3.5 mm. long; staminode 6-lobed, 2.1- 2.3 mm. long, free for 0.7-1 mm.; gynoecium 2.3-2.6 mm. long, and 1.7-2.2 mm in diam. Fruits ellipsoid, gibbous, 10-13.7 mm. long, 7.9-9.2 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 7.5-9.5 mm. wide; epicarp black, stigmatic scar plain; endocarp ellipsoid, 8.8-10.3 mm. long, 5.9-7.4 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 5.8-7.4 mm. wide; seed ellipsoid, 7.6-10 mm. long, 4.6-5.9 mm. dorsiventral thickness, and 5.2-6.8 mm. wide; raphe circular. Eophyll linear-lanceolate, 12-15 cm. long and 1.2-2.2 cm. wide, stipitate, short costate. (Zona S.)/Palmweb. Editing by edric.
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A copy of a letter from Bailey to León dated 8 Jan 1943, (preserved with the holotype at BH) suggests that León believed Bailey's variety was described from a mixed specimen. Liogier (1969), in a note in the supplement to the Flora of Cuba, rejected R. regia var. maisiana, indicating that it was a nomen nudum based on a mixed collection. León and Liogier did not reveal which other species they believed comprised the mixed collection. Liogier's treatment of this taxon was apparently followed by subsequent workers including Muñiz and Borhidi (1982). However, collections of the endemic Cuban Roystonea made recently in Maisí (Zona, 1991), clarify the confusion surrounding the type of R. regia var. maisiana, and give some clue as to why Liogier rejected this taxon. First, this name is certainly not a nomen nudum: Bailey (1935), provided as accurate a description as was possible from his scanty collections. He provided a Latin diagnosis, a description of vegetative and reproductive parts, and even a photograph of the palm, leaving little doubt that he was describing the slender palms endemic to Maisí. The name cannot be rejected as a nomen nudum. The second aspect of Liogier's argument, that the type of R. regia var. maisiana is a mixed collection, is predicated on Liogier's knowledge of another Maisí endemic, the violet-trunked R. violacea. The type of R. violacea (Leon & Seifriz 18280) is composed of vegetative material that agrees in all details with that of recent collections of violet-trunked individuals. Flowers and fruits from the type sheet, however, match those taken from slender palms that must be R. regia var. maisiana. In fact, a packet of staminate flowers, included with the isotype at US bears the anonymous annotation "maisialla." It now seems apparent that it is León's type of R. violacea that is a mixed collection, containing elements belonging to R. regia var. maisiana, and that the description of R. violacea drawn from this mixture, is what led to Liogier's confusion about the identity of R. regia var. maisiana. Thus, Bailey's taxon stands, and León's R. violacea (q.v.) requires lectotypification and recircumscription. Because this taxon does not seem to be phylogenetically close to R. regia (see under "Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography"), it is here elevated to specific rank. (Zona S.)/Palmweb.
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==Culture==
Same requirements as R. regia.
==Curiosities==
"While at Fairchild Tropical Gardens (FTG), I noticed in the small grove of about six or so R. Maisianas, two of them had a burnt orange tomentum on the crownshaft(causing it to appear red, from a distance). I wasn't sure what it was, but after inspection of all the trees, there was indeed a red powdery-ness on two of them. I was wondering why only two of the six or so trees had it. Maybe this red tomentum is worn off as the crownshaft ages? Maybe the crownshaft grows this redness as it matures..? I consulted Dr. Scott Zona about this red tomentum and he was unaware of it. From the literature I have read, this palm's distinguishing features are a longer petiole(I noticed this), as well as a trunk that usually never tapers--I noticed this as well. What I also noticed(not in the books)is the huge crownshaft. My readings say 4', but they are more like 6 1/2-8' tall(the crownshaft was way taller than me). A rare and unique royal--these photos show, that the palm goes through varying stages of color... " (Andrew Street)

Uses: This palm is used, as other species are in eastern Cuba, for timber, thatch, and hog feed.

 
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<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
image:IMG_8114.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL.
image:1andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:2andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:3andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:4andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:5andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:6andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:7andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:8andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:9andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:10andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:11andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:12andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:13andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_122andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_123andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_126andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.
image:Palms_128andrew.jpg|Fairchild Botanical Gardens, Coral Gables FL. Photos by Andrew.

</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/virtualtours/cuba/vpe_palmsofcuba1.htm
*http://www.roystonea.com/roystonea-maisiana/
*http://www.amazonia-online.com/Palm_Pictures_Roystonea/Roystonea_maisiana.html
http://perfildaplanta.blogspot.com/2010/07/roystoneas-confusoes-imperiais-parte-ii.html
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Zona S.Roystonea.(Arecaceae: Arecoideae).

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Cuba]]
[[Category:ROYSTONEA|maisiana]]

File:IMG 8114.jpg

2017-12-29T23:02:09Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: R. maisiana at FTBG.

R. maisiana at FTBG.

File:IMG 0479.jpg

2017-12-28T13:35:53Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: Colpothrinax wrightii at Fairchild beginning to lose it's fibers.

Colpothrinax wrightii at Fairchild beginning to lose it's fibers.

Beccariophoenix alfredii

2017-10-01T00:53:26Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=68ba24aa-9290-4ffb-9c54-73f94c752e77z.jpg
|image_caption=Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
|genus=Beccariophoenix (bek-kahr-ee-oh-FEH-niks)
|species= alfredii (ahl-fred'-ee)
|continent=africa
|habit=solitary
|leaf_type=pinnate
|height=10 - 15 meters
|trunk_diameter=28-30 centimeters
|sun_exposure=Full sun
|watering=moderate/humid
|soil_type=tolerant
|msi=3B
|ssi=3B
|common_names=High Plateau Coconut Palm.
}}
{{Palm Page}}
==Habitat and distribution==
''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' occurs in the High Plateau of Madagascar at approximately 20 degrees south. [[File:post-112-0-51746200-1418825411.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.]]The palm is found at an elevation of 1,050 meters (3,440 feet) growing along the sandy riverbeds. The surrounding vegetation is mainly composed of various grasses, and the area sees occasional fires. Due to the environment that ''B. alfredii'' is subjected to, it is hardy against frost and cold, fire, drought, full sun, and possibly hurricanes.

Endemic to Madagascar. At the moment, the only scientifically proven and recorded locality for B. alfredii is Manalazina. This population is limited to the west by the Mania River. Individuals become abruptly very rare as soon as one approaches the Mania, the river into which the tributary lined with Beccariophoenix flows. Fewer than twenty individuals of B. alfredii grow on the banks of the Mania, possibly because of its depth, which is unfavorable to the dispersal and establishment of seedlings. As we climbed up another mountain chain in the hope of finding other populations in further localities, we saw not one palm on the horizon. Because of the extremely difficult access and the time we had already taken to reach Manalazina, we were unable to conduct further searches for the palm. Meanwhile, we are optimistic concerning the existence of more populations further away in the region. Justin Moat, GIS specialist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, using satellite imagery, has looked for habitats similar to that at Manalazina. After analysing the very distinctive spectrum and relief seen in the satellite images at the exact coordinates of Manalazina, Justin was able to search for similar spectra and relief elsewhere in this part of the plateau. He found similar habitats but much further away from Manalazina. Other populations of B. alfred;i surely exist in the area - during our visit, we did not have the time to revisit Vilanitelo where the palms was first seen by Alfred's collectors, nor Marovato, the site of the large population mentioned by Alfred. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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The existence of this population of Beccariophoenix on the western slopes of the High Plateau of Madagascar is quite astonishing. This new species grows in a completely different phytogeographic zone from the humid rain forest zone associated with B. madagascariensis. Manalazina belongs to the zone of the western slope of the Domaine Centrale defined by Humbert (1955). The primary vegetation is formed of sclerophyll forest with Uapaca hoieri and members of Sarcolaenaceae (Humbert & CoursDame 1965), but the current vegetation of the area consists mostly of a scrubby savannah. Furthermore, the climate is very different from that experienced by B. madagascariensis at Mantadia. In fact, B. alfredii experiences a subhumid temperate climate (Cornet 1974), drier than that of the east of Madagascar. The average temperature is 15-20˚C and the rainfall generally less than 1500 mm. The dry season is about five months long. The population of B. alfredii occurs at an average elevation of 1050 m above sea level; above that elevation, the palm becomes very rare, as the depressions between two mountains are too infrequent and where there are such depressions they are usually too dry. The soils in general in the region are ferralitic, but B. alfredii seems to grow solely on sandy soils on the banks of tributaries of the Mania River. Beccariophoenix alfred;; is the dominant species in the gallery forest and, reaching mostly 10-15 m, constitutes the only canopy species. The species grows so abundantly in the area that we estimated at least 500 mature individuals at this locality. In contrast, regenerating individuals are few. The dominance of this species may be due to the fallen leaves and inflorescences that carpet the ground, completely eliminating any other woody plants. Moreover, seed dispersal seems to be mostly by water. The flattened shape of the fruits allows them to be dispersed easily by water until they are deposited in a site favorable for germination. Sometimes seedlings are found actually growing in water but they mostly ocrur along the river bank. Perhaps this explains why the adult palms are restricted to a band along all the valleys. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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==Desription==
''Beccariophoenix alfredii'', also known as the ''High Plateau Coconut Palm'', is a recently discovered species of Arecaceae (palms), endemic to Madagascar. It is in the genus ''Beccariophoenix'', and is closely related to the genus ''Cocos''. ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' is very similar in appearance to the coconut palm, although somewhat cold hardy, making it a good look-alike for the coconut in cooler climates. They are hardy down to about 25°F (-3°C) when young, and likely colder when more mature. Editing by edic.
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Taxonomy: ''Beccariophoenix'' is placed in the subfamily Arecoideae and the tribe Cocoeae. The species was first noted in 2002, when Alfred Razafindratsira noticed a picture of a ''Beccariophoenix'' species in photographs taken of the vegetation surrounding Andrembesoa (originally taken in search of a species of ''Pachypodium'' in the rocky escarpments to the southwest of Antsirabe). Alfred found this odd, considering this area of Madagascar is far from the other localities of ''Beccariophoenix'' and is, furthermore, ecologically totally different from the east coast and littoral forests where the other ''Beccariophoenix'' species are known to occur. In May 2004, an expedition was set off into the High Plateau of Madagascar, to confirm the existence of this species. On the fourth day of the expedition, the new population of ''Beccariophoenix'' was found. This species is noted for having oblate (flattened spheroid) rather than ovoid fruit, infrafoliar inflorescence (rather than interfoliar), a peduncle not exceeding 13 cm long (rather than one up to 120 cm long), a 3–5 mm thick leathery peduncular bract which rolls up on when itself when abscised (rather than a heavily lignified peduncular bract 30–40 mm thick, which does not deform when abscised) and 15 stamens (rather than 18-21). For these differences, ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' was classified as a new species. ''Beccariophoenix alfredii'' grows up to 50 feet (15 meters) in height with a trunk up to 1 foot (30 cm) in diameter.

Robust, solitary, pleonanthic, monoecious, palm. Stem erect, to about 15 m tall, 28-30 cm in diam. at breast height, graybrown, eventually becoming bare and closely ringed with leaf scars, internodes about 2.5 em. Leaves 30-36 in the crown, pinnate, marcescent in juvenile palms, abscising neatly in adults; sheath tubular at first, to at least 82 cm long, with two lateral, ± entire, triangular lobes to 30 cm long, 10 cm wide at the base, tapering to about 8 cm, the abaxial surface of the sheath covered with thick caducous gray-brown indumentum, the body of the sheath disintegrating into a mass of robust sinuous gray fibers about 3 mm wide, adaxially the sheath glabrous, reddish-brown; petiole very short, about 4-5 cm long, to 8 x 2.3 cm wide and deep, with scattered caducous scales; rachis to at least 4.4 m long, to 7 x 2.3 cm wide and deep at the base, tapering gradually distally, adaxially ridged near the base, abaxially rounded, distally with 2 lateral grooves; leaflets about 120 on each side of the rachis, ± regularly arranged, very slender and crowded at the base, ± rigid or somewhat pendulous, about 47 x 1 cm at the base of the leaf, about 112 x 4 cm in mid leaf, about 65 x 1.8 cm at the tip, ± acute, easily splitting and becoming bifid, adaxially glabrous, abaxially lacking powdery white wax, transverse veinlets short, conspicuos, minute punctiform scales present on longitudinal veins. Inflorescences solitary, infrafoliar, branching to 1 order; peduncle moderate, 8--13 cm long, elliptic in cross-section, 4 x 1.7 cm, with caducous gray-brown indumentum, ± glabrescent in infructescence; prophyll not seen, presumably inserted at the base of the peduncle and included within the leaf sheaths; peduncular bract inserted at the apex of the peduncle, woody, with solid beak, the whole to 90 cm long, 3-5 cm thick, abaxially with conspicuous longitudinal grooves, at anthesis the peduncular bract splitting longitudinally and circumscissile at the insertion, leaving a collar like scar, the bract curling up on drying after abscission, adaxially the bract smooth, shiny, yellowish green abaxially tomentose and longitudinally shallowly grooved; rachis very short, to 8--9 cm long, to about 4 x 2 cm in diam., tapering to about 0.7 cm at the tip, bearing about 30-50 crowded, spirally arranged rachillae, each subtended by a short, triangular, acuminate, coriaceous bract 1.1-7.5 x 1.0-2.8 cm; rachillae glabrous and lacking white wax, yellowish, becoming crimson in ripe fruit, straight, rigid, held at a narrow acute angle to the rachis, 45-66 mm long, about 5-8 mm in diam. at the base, tapering distally, each with a poorly defined swelling at the very base, proximally with a bare portion 15-18 mm long, distally bearing distichous triads in the proximal 13-19 mm, paired staminate flowers in the middle 11-17 mm and solitary staminate flowers in the distal 13-18 mm, rachilla bracts triangular 1-4 x 1-6 mm; floral bracteoles well developed, broad, rounded, striate, rather coriaceous, shorter than the rachilla bracts. Staminate flowers narrow ellipsoid, about 13 x 4 mm; sepals to 2 x 2 mm, joined in the basal 1 mm, distally triangular, free and imbricate, glabrous, not striate; petals coriaceous, about 12 x 3 mm, tapering to a short acute tip, basally very briefly joined, abaxial surface glabrous, lacking white wax, obscurely striate; stamens 15, filaments 2 mm, anthers elongate 8 x I mm, erect, ± basifixed; pistiIJode absent. Pollen not studied. Pistillate flowers in bud, irregularly globose to obscurely angled, 9 x 6 mm, perianths persistent and enlarging in fruit; sepals broadly imbricate, 8-9 x 5-6 mm; petals 8 x 7 mm, broadly imbricate with short valvate tips; staminodal ring membranous, about 1 mm high; gynoecium ellipsoid, 6 x 4 mm, stigmas pyramidal in bud, 2 mm high. Fnlit I-seeded, oblate, 16 x 24 mm, with a short triangular beak to 3 mm long, 4 mm wide at the base, dark purplish-black at maturity, smooth, becoming striate when dry, surface glabrous except the beak where minutely and obscurely scaly; mesocarp thin, fleshy 1 mm thick, with longitudinal fibers, endocarp 15 x 22 mm, very thin, scarcely lignified, pores rather obscure, just below the equator. Seed oblate 13 x 20 mm, attached near the base with a broad hilum, with numerous anastomosing raphe branches, endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo lateral below the equator. Germination: adjacent-ligular; eophyll entire, lanceolate. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.

It could be asked why we consider this palm to be a new species of Beccariophoenix when B. madagascariensis is itself variable. Dransfield (2202) reported what was known of this variation and highlighted the presence of two distinct seedling morphologies of the palm in cultivation. One type of Beccariophoenix has juvenile leaves with a broad terminal pair of multifold segments displaying many windows. In contrast the second type of Beccariophoenix has narrow terminal segments composed of few folds and with one or two windows only. After some research in the field and discussion with seed importers and growers we can say that the population of Beccariophoenix from the lowiands near to Brickaviile (the Ranomafana Est population, currently known with certainly from a single adult tree and, about twenty km away, a few more) produces seedlings with many windows. The population from the general area of Mantadia near the type locality of B. madagascariensis and the population at Sainte Luce produce seedlings with few windows. Beccariophoenix alfredU has seedlings with narrow terminal segments and few windows. The habitat of the popuiation at Sainte Luce at near sea level might be thought of as being 72 very different from that of the montane ridgetops at almost 1000 m in Mantadia, but there are in fact considerable resemblances in vegetation - both areas support generally rather small-leaved dicotyledonous trees, growing on humus rich soils overlying extremely nutrient-poor sand or quartzite. The main difference between the Mantadia and Sainte Luce populations is in the length of the peduncle - always elongate at Mantadia, sometimes elongate, sometimes very short at Sainte Luce (incidentally, the one tree at Ranomafana Est is remarkable for it extremely short peduncles. The most striking differences are in the size and form of the inflorescence and fruit. Comparison between Beccariophoenix madagascariensis and B. alfredii. Beccariophoenix madagascariellsis: inflorescence interfoliar. Peduncle to 120 em long. Peduncular bract heavily lignified, 30-40 mm thick, not deforming when abscising. Stamens 18-21. Fruits ovoid. Beccariophoenix alfredii: Inflorescence infrafoliar. Peduncle not exceeding about 13 cm long. Peduncular bract leathery, 3-5 mm thick, rolling up on itself when abscising. Stamens 15. Fruits oblate. (M. Rakotoarinivo, T. Ranarivelo and J. Dransfield. 2007)/Palmweb.
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==Culture==
<center>[[file:PFC_for_PP.png|500px|link=http://www.palmpedia.net/palmsforcal/index.php5/Beccariophoenix_alfredii]]</center>
Due to its overall hardiness, B. alfredii is a good candidate for cultivation in central and southern Florida, California and also locations such as Sydney Australia, Southern Spain, Portugal and Northern New Zealand. It is best grown in sandy loam soils, but is suitable to many other soil types. Besides B. alfredii, there are 2 other species of Beccariophoenix: B. madagascariensis, and Beccariophoenix sp. Windows. Beccariophoenix sp. Windows was known for its moderate growth speed, high nutrient requirements and cold sensitivity. Beccariophoenix madagascariensis was known for its cold hardiness and lack of nutritional problems, but had about one-fourth the growth rate of Beccariophoenix sp. Windows. Both species look remarkably similar to the coconut palm when mature, but with a much broader trunk. Beccariophoenix alfredii seems to combine the good characteristics of both, with the growth rate of Beccariophoenix sp. Windows and the cold hardiness and lack of nutritional problems of B. madagascariensis, but B. alfredii has a slimmer trunk, more like that of the coconut palm. All species appear resistant to lethal yellowing, so may be suitable for areas that have a high instance of the disease. Although relatively new to cultivation, B. alfredii is already becoming popular to palm collectors, and is being called the California Coconut of the future. It can be expected that after it is less new to cultivation, it may become extremely popular worldwide due to its coconut look-alike status, good growth rate, and cold hardiness. Although the trunk normally grows straight, it may develop a curve similar to that of the coconut palm if planted on its side when a few years old.
==Comments and Curiosities==
Beccariophoenix alfredii exhibits some window panes in the fronds as a juvenile, although not as many as the window pane version of Beccariophoenix. As a seedling, Beccariophoenix alfredii takes quite a long time to go from monofid leaves to bifid leaves, to bifid leaves with minimal windows to fully pinnate leaves, which is quite different than the "no windows" Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, which undergoes these changes relatively quickly. Therefore, although seedlings of Beccariophoenix alfredii exhibit some similarities to Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, it is quite distinct. Due to the recent discovery of Beccariophoenix alfredii, growth speeds aren't entirely known, but a few things can be gathered from the time it has been known. In tropical and subtropical climates, such as Hawaii or Florida, Beccariophoenix alfredii may be the fastest of the 3 species, but for Mediterranean climates, Beccariophoenix seems to only be marginally faster in growth than the "no windows" Beccariophoenix madagascariensis. These are just educated guesses however, and more time needs to be permitted to allow proper scrutinization on growth rate. Another curiosity is development of "twins" within a single seed. Both seeds can germinate, resulting in a double germinated seed. So far, this appears to be relatively common, but it isn't known whether or not the trait can be inherited.

Windows in Juvenile palms: The photos below, are showing 'windows' in alfredii seedlings. These will be watched as new leaves are produced.

 
{{#Widget:AdResban}}
<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
File:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_17.JPG|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
image:Balfredii.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_21.JPG|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:B._alfredii.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:_52b98e1de4512.jpg|Habitat Photo: Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
File:10380156_322294647925556_4754686626438370406_o.jpg|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_45.JPG|In habitat, Madfagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_11.JPG|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:68ba24aa-9290-4ffb-9c54-73f94c752e77z.jpg|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
image:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_29.JPG|Madagascar. Photo by Dr. Mijoro Rakotoarinivo/Palmweb.
Image:Alfredii seedling2.JPG|Seedling showing windows - Source: John Case
Image:Alfredii seedling.JPG|Seedling showing windows - Source: John Case
image:Bapost-42-0-43860300-1386494341.jpg|Pomona, northern end of the Sunshine Coast region, southeast Queensland, Australia. Garden of Rudy Meyer. Photo by Daryl O'Connor
File:post-42-0-10652700-1431181761.jpg|Wollongong Botanical Gardens Palm Collection, 90 minute drive south of Sydney. Photo by Daryl O'Connor.

image:Becarriophoenx-young.jpg|Young plant at Floribunda Palms
File:325a98.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:94954b.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:616ec3.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:cc91e0.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:57baf3.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:efe7d2.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:529aba.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.
File:ea5558.jpg|SoCal. Photo by Geoff Stein.

File:9b1851.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:075979.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:63edb9.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:fba240.jpg|Photo by Keith Zimmerman.
File:post-646-0-18359600-1418599436.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-94588800-1418599438.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-06150800-1418599442.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-646-0-31569800-1418599445.jpg|Brentwood, CA. Photo by John Case.
File:post-112-0-86008600-1418820431.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-36786100-1418820437.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-10538000-1418820443.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-98961900-1418820448.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-03547900-1418820455.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-90811600-1418820460.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-51746200-1418825411.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-36998600-1418826326.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-112-0-82817800-1418826331.jpg|Davie, FL. Pete Balasky's place. Photo by Mike Evans.
File:post-878-0-07778300-1418855485.jpg|Hollywood Fla. Left side of dock, Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, right side of dock 2 Beccariophoenix fenestralis, and Beccariophoenix alfredii. Photo by Mike.
File:photobland.JPG|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place. Photo by Mike.
File:photobland2.jpg|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place. Photo by Mike.
File:BeccAlfrediiPicture2.jpg|Hollywood, FL. Mike's place.
File:6373514045_e6ded95097_o.jpg|Cooper City, FL. Photo by Kyle Wicomb.
File:B. alfredii pete.JPG|Photo-seabreezenurseries.com
File:post-231-0-00235000-1382545383.jpg|Growing at the entrance to Leu Gardens, Orlando, FL. Photo by botanist Eric S.
File:baIMG_20130907_123257_124_zpsfa0abeea.JPG|Palm Harbor, FL. Photo by Larry.
File:Beccariophoenixalfredii7gal.jpg|Lake Placid, Fla. Photo by Walter Darnall.
File:post-3598-0-76097500-1383065727.jpg|Davie, Fl. Photo by Mike.
File:post-3598-0-79612200-1383065735.jpg|Davie, Fl. Photo by Keith.
File:BecAlf.jpg|Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
File:BecAlf2.jpg|Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
Image: Alfredii_seed_germination.JPG|Double germinated seed, a result of "twins" forming within a single seed.
</gallery></center>
==External links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.cites.org/common/com/pc/20/inf%20docs/F20-11i-A6.pdf
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCE73UEbEXs
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/39167-beccariophoenix-alfredii-a-definite-coconut-lookalike/
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/36455-beccariophoenix-alfredii-vs-madagascariensis/
*http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/29408-beccariophoenix-alfredii-info/
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

Rakotoarinivo, M. , Ranarivelo, T. & Dransfield, J. 2007. A new species of Beccariophenix from the High Plateau of Madagascar. Palms 51(2) 63-75.

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Madagascar]]
[[Category:BECCARIOPHOENIX]]

Coccothrinax borhidiana

2017-01-31T14:54:03Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=Coccothrinax_borhidiana00.jpg
|image_caption=
|genus=Coccothrinax (koh-koh-TRIH-naks)
|species= borhidiana (bor-hid-ee-AHN-ah)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Palmate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Borhidis Guano Palm.
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
''Coccothrinax borhidiana'' is found on limestone based soils, in stunted coastal [[image:Vvvvv0054.jpg|thumb|left|400px|La Habana Botanical Garden, Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman.]]vegetation, mostly around a small beach areas, in northern Cuba.
==Description==
Conservation Status: Seriously endangered. Trunk type: Solitary. Leaf detail: Palmately compound. A small to medium sized palm, with a slender trunk, which is covered in a fibrous "cloth". It has a crown of closely spaced, thick, rigid, leathery, circular, dark green leaves, which are on short petioles. Editing by edric.
==Culture==
Requirements: Full sun, fair to moderate water, well drained position. Very slow growing.
==Comments and Curiosities==
To those who have seen this very rare palm in the flesh, it easily surpasses any other Coccothrinax in appearance, including the famed C. crinita. Native only to a small beach area in the north of Cuba, where it grows in stunted coastal vegetation, it is seriously threatened with extinction. It is a smallish palm with a slender trunk thickly clothed in a coat of undulated fibers, topped by a very dense crown of closely spaced, circular, rigid, thick and leathery, dark green leaves that are held on short petioles. (RPS.com)

 
{{#Widget:AdResban}}
<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
Image:Coccothrinax borhidiana.jpg|Fairchild Gardens, Florida. Photo by Tim McKernan, edric.
Image:IMG 3264.JPG|Coral Gables, Florida
image:227889z.jpg
image:DSC_0463.JPG
image:15393030_1136548503127095_3982726082763885591_o.jpg
image:PalmPictures4109052.JPG
image:Post-90-1241004695.jpg
image:Post-90-1241004729.jpg
image:Post-90-1241004748.jpg
image:Cborhidiana_closeupz.jpg
image:Cborhidiana_inflorescencez.jpg
image:Cborhidiana_inflowerz.jpg
image:Cborhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana00.jpg
Image:CoccothrinaxBorhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba.
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana2z.jpg
image:Zborhidiana02z.jpg|Photo by Allan Bredeson.
image:Zborhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Rolf Kyburz.
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana_sdlg.JPG
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana_craftz.jpg|Cuba, photo by Paul Craft.
image:CoccothrinaxBorhidiana88z.png
File:coDSCF0124belizescottsc.jpg|Belize. Photo by Scott SC.
image:Vvvvv0054.jpg|La Habana Botanical Garden, Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman.
File:568ee0b800a54_CoccothrinaxborhidianainGardenLot011-3-16.JPG.72ff48a5525314fd89c2cebab9adeb43.JPG|New Year 2016 Garden Photos - Cape Coral, FL. Photo by Margaret Price.
image:CocBor.jpg|In habitat. Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
image:Coccothrinax-borhidiana09.jpg|In habitat. Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2005/vol49n2p57-71.pdf
*http://www.palmbeachpalmcycadsociety.com/palms/documents/CoccothrinaxBorhidiana.pdf
*http://www.virtualherbarium.org/psg/flagship/Coccothrinax_borhidiana.html
*http://southeastgarden.com/cuba.html
*http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/virtualtours/cuba/vpe_palmsofcuba1.htm
*http://perfildaplanta.blogspot.com/2010/07/roystoneas-confusoes-imperiais-parte-ii.html
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Cuba]]
[[Category:COCCOTHRINAX|borhidiana]]

File:Post-90-1241004748.jpg

2017-01-31T14:53:09Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

File:Post-90-1241004729.jpg

2017-01-31T14:52:51Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

File:Post-90-1241004695.jpg

2017-01-31T14:52:33Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

File:PalmPictures4109052.JPG

2017-01-31T14:52:20Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

Coccothrinax borhidiana

2017-01-25T14:51:39Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=Coccothrinax_borhidiana00.jpg
|image_caption=
|genus=Coccothrinax (koh-koh-TRIH-naks)
|species= borhidiana (bor-hid-ee-AHN-ah)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Palmate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Borhidis Guano Palm.
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
''Coccothrinax borhidiana'' is found on limestone based soils, in stunted coastal [[image:Vvvvv0054.jpg|thumb|left|400px|La Habana Botanical Garden, Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman.]]vegetation, mostly around a small beach areas, in northern Cuba.
==Description==
Conservation Status: Seriously endangered. Trunk type: Solitary. Leaf detail: Palmately compound. A small to medium sized palm, with a slender trunk, which is covered in a fibrous "cloth". It has a crown of closely spaced, thick, rigid, leathery, circular, dark green leaves, which are on short petioles. Editing by edric.
==Culture==
Requirements: Full sun, fair to moderate water, well drained position. Very slow growing.
==Comments and Curiosities==
To those who have seen this very rare palm in the flesh, it easily surpasses any other Coccothrinax in appearance, including the famed C. crinita. Native only to a small beach area in the north of Cuba, where it grows in stunted coastal vegetation, it is seriously threatened with extinction. It is a smallish palm with a slender trunk thickly clothed in a coat of undulated fibers, topped by a very dense crown of closely spaced, circular, rigid, thick and leathery, dark green leaves that are held on short petioles. (RPS.com)

 
{{#Widget:AdResban}}
<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
Image:Coccothrinax borhidiana.jpg|Fairchild Gardens, Florida. Photo by Tim McKernan, edric.
Image:IMG 3264.JPG|Coral Gables, Florida
image:227889z.jpg
image:DSC_0463.JPG
image:15393030_1136548503127095_3982726082763885591_o.jpg
image:Cborhidiana_closeupz.jpg
image:Cborhidiana_inflorescencez.jpg
image:Cborhidiana_inflowerz.jpg
image:Cborhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana00.jpg
Image:CoccothrinaxBorhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba.
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana2z.jpg
image:Zborhidiana02z.jpg|Photo by Allan Bredeson.
image:Zborhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Rolf Kyburz.
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana_sdlg.JPG
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana_craftz.jpg|Cuba, photo by Paul Craft.
image:CoccothrinaxBorhidiana88z.png
File:coDSCF0124belizescottsc.jpg|Belize. Photo by Scott SC.
image:Vvvvv0054.jpg|La Habana Botanical Garden, Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman.
File:568ee0b800a54_CoccothrinaxborhidianainGardenLot011-3-16.JPG.72ff48a5525314fd89c2cebab9adeb43.JPG|New Year 2016 Garden Photos - Cape Coral, FL. Photo by Margaret Price.
image:CocBor.jpg|In habitat. Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
image:Coccothrinax-borhidiana09.jpg|In habitat. Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2005/vol49n2p57-71.pdf
*http://www.palmbeachpalmcycadsociety.com/palms/documents/CoccothrinaxBorhidiana.pdf
*http://www.virtualherbarium.org/psg/flagship/Coccothrinax_borhidiana.html
*http://southeastgarden.com/cuba.html
*http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/virtualtours/cuba/vpe_palmsofcuba1.htm
*http://perfildaplanta.blogspot.com/2010/07/roystoneas-confusoes-imperiais-parte-ii.html
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Cuba]]
[[Category:COCCOTHRINAX|borhidiana]]

File:15393030 1136548503127095 3982726082763885591 o.jpg

2017-01-25T14:51:00Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

Coccothrinax borhidiana

2017-01-25T13:40:44Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=Coccothrinax_borhidiana00.jpg
|image_caption=
|genus=Coccothrinax (koh-koh-TRIH-naks)
|species= borhidiana (bor-hid-ee-AHN-ah)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Palmate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Borhidis Guano Palm.
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
''Coccothrinax borhidiana'' is found on limestone based soils, in stunted coastal [[image:Vvvvv0054.jpg|thumb|left|400px|La Habana Botanical Garden, Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman.]]vegetation, mostly around a small beach areas, in northern Cuba.
==Description==
Conservation Status: Seriously endangered. Trunk type: Solitary. Leaf detail: Palmately compound. A small to medium sized palm, with a slender trunk, which is covered in a fibrous "cloth". It has a crown of closely spaced, thick, rigid, leathery, circular, dark green leaves, which are on short petioles. Editing by edric.
==Culture==
Requirements: Full sun, fair to moderate water, well drained position. Very slow growing.
==Comments and Curiosities==
To those who have seen this very rare palm in the flesh, it easily surpasses any other Coccothrinax in appearance, including the famed C. crinita. Native only to a small beach area in the north of Cuba, where it grows in stunted coastal vegetation, it is seriously threatened with extinction. It is a smallish palm with a slender trunk thickly clothed in a coat of undulated fibers, topped by a very dense crown of closely spaced, circular, rigid, thick and leathery, dark green leaves that are held on short petioles. (RPS.com)

 
{{#Widget:AdResban}}
<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
Image:Coccothrinax borhidiana.jpg|Fairchild Gardens, Florida. Photo by Tim McKernan, edric.
Image:IMG 3264.JPG|Coral Gables, Florida
image:227889z.jpg
image:DSC_0463.JPG
image:Cborhidiana_closeupz.jpg
image:Cborhidiana_inflorescencez.jpg
image:Cborhidiana_inflowerz.jpg
image:Cborhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana00.jpg
Image:CoccothrinaxBorhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba.
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana2z.jpg
image:Zborhidiana02z.jpg|Photo by Allan Bredeson.
image:Zborhidianacubaz.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Rolf Kyburz.
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana_sdlg.JPG
image:Coccothrinax_borhidiana_craftz.jpg|Cuba, photo by Paul Craft.
image:CoccothrinaxBorhidiana88z.png
File:coDSCF0124belizescottsc.jpg|Belize. Photo by Scott SC.
image:Vvvvv0054.jpg|La Habana Botanical Garden, Cuba. Photo by Jason Schoneman.
File:568ee0b800a54_CoccothrinaxborhidianainGardenLot011-3-16.JPG.72ff48a5525314fd89c2cebab9adeb43.JPG|New Year 2016 Garden Photos - Cape Coral, FL. Photo by Margaret Price.
image:CocBor.jpg|In habitat. Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
image:Coccothrinax-borhidiana09.jpg|In habitat. Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com
</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2005/vol49n2p57-71.pdf
*http://www.palmbeachpalmcycadsociety.com/palms/documents/CoccothrinaxBorhidiana.pdf
*http://www.virtualherbarium.org/psg/flagship/Coccothrinax_borhidiana.html
*http://southeastgarden.com/cuba.html
*http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/virtualtours/cuba/vpe_palmsofcuba1.htm
*http://perfildaplanta.blogspot.com/2010/07/roystoneas-confusoes-imperiais-parte-ii.html
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Cuba]]
[[Category:COCCOTHRINAX|borhidiana]]

File:DSC 0463.JPG

2017-01-25T13:40:03Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

Hemithrinax rivularis

2016-12-17T21:06:20Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=Hemithrinax_rivularis_craft.jpg
|image_caption=Cuba. Photo courtesy of Paul Craft.
|genus=Hemithrinax (heh-mee-TRIH-nahks)
|species= rivularis (rih-voo-LAHR-iss)
|subspecies=
|variety=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Palmate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
Cuba.[[Image:15304222 1143631635733471 2382134697874658755 o.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Ripe fruit, Cuba. Photo courtesy of Mike Harris.]]
==Description==

==Culture==
Cold Hardiness Zone: 10b
==Comments and Curiosities==
There are two subspecies, Hemithrinax rivularis var. rivularis, and Hemithrinax rivularis var. savannarum. Editing by edric.

 
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<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
image:Hemithrinax_rivularis_craft.jpg|Cuba. Photo courtesy of Paul Craft.
image:12734059 10153282170961971 221340230424431532 n.jpg|Hemithrinax rivularis var savannarum, photo courtesy of Duanny Suárez
image:12715798 10153282168021971 3943760223095732582 n.jpg|Hemithrinax rivularis var savannarum, photo courtesy of Duanny Suárez
image:12715381 10153282167461971 6922018732306395681 n.jpg|Hemithrinax rivularis var savannarum, photo courtesy of Duanny Suárez
image:12745659 10153282169726971 6338626402439620023 n.jpg|Hemithrinax rivularis var savannarum, photo courtesy of Duanny Suárez
image:12741900 10153282170136971 7520349458920574785 n.jpg|Hemithrinax rivularis var savannarum, photo courtesy of Duanny Suárez
image:12743670 10153282168361971 3014985859451383000 n.jpg|Hemithrinax rivularis var savannarum, photo courtesy of Duanny Suárez
image:10474290 635284023234904 1457347854761232116 n.jpg|Cuba, photo courtesy of Mike Harris.
image:11109023 807328849363753 1281497455019838141 n.jpg|Cuba, photo courtesy of Mike Harris.
image:11024768 807327069363931 4088957599385941319 n.jpg|Cuba, photo courtesy of Mike Harris.
image:15304222 1143631635733471 2382134697874658755 o.jpg|Cuba, photo courtesy of Mike Harris.
image:15304541 1143632525733382 77040397815416653 o.jpg|Cuba, photo courtesy of Mike Harris.

image:
</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/virtualtours/cuba/vpe_palmsofcuba2.htm
*http://www.learnedgardener.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Lewis__Zona_2008_Leucothrinax.92103311.pdf
==References==
Phonetic spelling of Latin names by edric.

Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Cuba]]
[[Category:HEMITHRINAX|rivularis]]

Hemithrinax ekmaniana

2016-12-17T21:04:48Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old:

__noeditsection__
{{Palmbox
|image=File11.jpg
|image_caption=Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
|genus=Hemithrinax (heh-mee-TRIH-nahks)
|species= ekmaniana (ehk-MAHN-ee-ahn-ah)
|subspecies=
|cultivar=
|synonyms=Hemithrinax ekmaniana
|continent=america
|habit=Solitary
|leaf_type=Palmate
|height=
|trunk_diameter=
|sun_exposure=
|watering=
|soil_type=
|msi=
|common_names=Trinac, Jumagua Palm, (Cuba).
}}
==Habitat and Distribution==
Open forest, Cuba. An endemic palm of Mogotes de Jumagua in northern Cuba. [[Image:File7.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Ripe Fruit. Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.]]This absolutely unique little treasure, survives only on three of the small mogotes, where it was rediscovered in 1978 by a Group of paleontologists and naturalists, looking for fossils in the caverns, and cataloging the fauna and flora of these small mountains (Sabaneque Speleological Group). A small number of less than 100 specimens, cling to the steep Limestone cliffs.
==Description==
A medium sized solitary, palmate fan palm, with very tightly grouped leaves, the crown grows into a spiny giant ball. Editing by edric.
==Culture==
Sunny, moist, but well drained position.
==Comments and Curiosities==
A seed collection picked in 1996 by specialists of Palmetum of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, resulted in various plants now growing in a handful of Botanical Gardens; specimens can be found growing at the Montgomery Botanical Center in Miami, Palmetum de Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands, Orto botanico di Messina in Italy, and The Jardín Botánico de Las Tunas, in Cuba. Until 2007 no commercial distribution of this plant was ever made, as in 2007 for the first time, seeds collected in the wild entered in the commercial seed trade, and reached many growers in various areas of the world.

Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Jumagua Palm: Probably one of the rarest palms on the planet, this absolutely unique little treasure survives only on three small mogotes, (heavily eroded karst limestone hills) in northern Cuba, where a small number of individuals cling to the steep cliffs, battered by high winds, and rooting in the porous rock with almost no humus. The Jumagua Palm grows a slender trunk to only 5 cm. (2 in.) in diameter which holds a perfectly spherical and very dense crown of stiff, spiky leaves that have almost no stalks, and therefore sit very close together. While it grows rather slow, requiring about 6 years until it starts forming a trunk, it is definitely well worth the wait for this outstanding miniature palm. It will do well in tropical and a number of warm temperate climates, given a position in full sun, and a very well drained soil. It can also take considerable coastal exposure. With the exception of a handful of plants in botanical collections, this species has not yet been introduced into cultivation. (Rare Palm Seeds.com)

 
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<center><gallery caption="IMAGE GALLERY" perrow="" widths="" heights="">
Image:File11.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File5.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File21.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File25.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File17.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File15.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File18.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File19.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File1.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File2.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File24.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File4.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File6.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File22.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File9.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File10.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File3.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File13.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File12.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File13.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File14.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File16.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File17.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File7.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:File20.jpg|Hemithrinax ekmaniana, Mogotes de Jumagua, Villa Clara, Cuba. Photo by Duanny Suárez.
Image:ThrEkman.jpg|Florida, Photo - Bob Johnson.
image:Hemihrinax_ekmaniana_craftz.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Paul Craft.
image:Tekmaniana2paulcraftz.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Paul Craft.
image:-gallery-members-Hemihrinax_ekmaniana_craft2z.jpg|Cuba. Photo by Paul Craft.
image:Thrinax_ekmanianacarlomoriciz.jpg|Large adult plant growing on a steep slope. Photo taken in habitat in Cuba, October, 1996; Photo by Carlo Morici.
image:Thrinax-ekmanianaLindaAprilettiz.jpg|Picture painted by Linda Apriletti.
image:4549974381_b169a8e409_o.jpg
image:Hemithrinax_ekmaniana00.jpg|Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL.
image:$(KGrHqEOKogE1z5-hlzqBNl9S1n)b!~~_3z.jpg
image:19955173z.jpg
image:4794384155_0230f87b0f_zz.jpg
image:6251638846_7d30926248_oscottzona.jpg|Photo by Scott Zona.
image:P-019955221z.jpg
image:Tt-palmita_de_jumagua3z.jpg
File:post-143-0-19811000-1433336694.jpg|Tenerife, Canarias. 15 years in ground. Photo by Carlo Morici.
File:post-143-0-32767000-1433503716.jpg|Tenerife, Canarias. 15 years in ground. Photo by Carlo Morici.
File:heIMG_5435.JPG.5f25a5a66fca1de42db5641d13169070.JPG|Fallbrook, CA. Photo by Jason Dunn.
image:ThrEkmz.jpg|Photo-Rare Palm Seeds.com

</gallery></center>
==External Links==
*[http://eunops.org/content/glossary-palm-terms Glossary of Palm Terms]
*[http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pronunciation.html MODERN BOTANICAL LATIN]
*[http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/Pronunciation.htm "Just To Be Clear"]
*http://www.palms.org/principes/1998/vol42n3p156-159.pdf
*http://sabaneque.tripod.com/palmita.html
*http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/virtualtours/cuba/vpe_palmsofcuba1.htm
*http://perfildaplanta.blogspot.com/2010/07/roystoneas-confusoes-imperiais-parte-ii.html
*http://www.learnedgardener.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Lewis__Zona_2008_Leucothrinax.92103311.pdf
==References==
Special thanks to Geoff Stein, (Palmbob) for his hundreds of photos.

Special thanks to [http://palmweb.org/?q=node/2 Palmweb.org], Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Bill Baker & team, for their volumes of information and photos.

Glossary of Palm Terms; Based on the glossary in Dransfield, J., N.W. Uhl, C.B. Asmussen-Lange, W.J. Baker, M.M. Harley & C.E. Lewis. 2008. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. All images copyright of the artists and photographers (see images for credits).

{{SpeciesListBackLink}}
[[Category:Palms of Cuba]]
[[Category:HEMITHRINAX|ekmaniana]]

File:File23.jpg

2016-12-17T21:00:22Z

Zeeth1_blocked_old: Zeeth1 uploaded a new version of "File:File23.jpg"